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Aporia

(423 words)

Author(s): Erler, Michael (Würzburg)
[German version] (Greek ἀπορία [ aporía], opposite εὐπορία [ euporía], Latin dubitatio) means hopelessness, distress, embarrassment and neediness (Xen. An. 5,6,10; Hdt. 1,72,2; Thuc. 1,11,11). In the Meno, Plato adds the inability to procure necessities to the list of meanings (Cra. 415c 5; Symp. 203e, Men. 78c ff.). In Plato's dialogues, aporia describes a state of being (the experience of a need) as well as the cause for this state (the inherent philosophical problem). Aporia is the result of an elenctic conversation, in which the person who seems to have knowledge gets caught up in contradictions, realizes that his certainty of knowing is questionable, and gives up his claim to know. The main cause for aporia in Socrates' interlocutors is lack of the knowledge necessary fo…

Irony

(686 words)

Author(s): Walde, Christine (Basle) | Erler, Michael (Würzburg)
(Greek εἰρωνεία, eirōneía, orig. ‘dissimulation’, Lat. simulatio, dissimulatio, illusio). [German version] I. Rhetoric Like e.g. metaphor ( Comparison), irony is classed in the rhetorical system among the tropes ( Figures) (Rhet. Her. 4,46 assigns it to allegory). While metaphor works through the similarity between what is said and what is meant, irony is characterized by a relationship of contrast (

Epicurus

(4,558 words)

Author(s): Erler, Michael (Würzburg)
(Ἐπίκουρος; Epíkouros). [German version] A. Life E. was born in 342/1 BC on Samos, where his father Neocles, an Athenian citizen from the deme Gargettos, had moved as a cleric in 352. His birthday was the 20th of Gamelion [1]. He had three brothers, Neocles, Chaeredemus and Aristobulus. His early interest in philosophy is attested. He associated with the Platonist Pamphilus (Diog. Laert. 10,14), and then on Teos listened to lectures given by the Democritean and acquaintance of the sceptic Pyrrhon, Nausiphanes. At the age of 18, E. went to Athens for two years to do service as an ephebe; he may have attended lectures given there by the Academic Xenocrates (Diog. Laert. 10,13). After his return he accompanied his parents who moved to Colophon (after 322), after Samos was captured by Perdiccas. We know little of the following ten years. That period was, however, of great importance for his philosophical development, which was influenced, aside from Democritus, by Platonic-Academic teaching and Aristotle's work. Around 311/0 E. began to teach philosophy and opened a school first in Mytilene and then soon afterwards in Lampsacus. In that period E. acquired loyal friends like Hermarchus (Mytilene), Metrodorus …

Colotes

(673 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Erler, Michael (Würzburg)
(Κωλώτης; Kōlṓtēs). …

Philosophical literature, genres of

(3,042 words)

Author(s): Erler, Michael (Würzburg)
The term 'genres of philosophical literature' refers to the forms and linguistic tools of presentation used by ancient philosophy. It is not always possible to make a clear distinction betw…

Zeno

(6,572 words)

Author(s): Bodnár, István (Budapest) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Ameling | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Et al.
(Ζήνων/ Zḗnōn.) [German version] [1] Z. of Elea Eleatic philosopher, 5th cent. BC (Son of Teleutagoras). Eleatic philosopher of the 5th cent. BC; a pupil and intimate friend of Parmenides who became famous for his paradoxes. According to the Suda (29 A 2 DK), Z. wrote many books; but his Λόγοι ( Lógoi, 'Arguments', 40 according to Proclus, 29 A 15 DK) probably belonged to a single book, the one he read aloud to his closest circles in Athens (cf. Pl. Prm. 127c-d). In the lost dialogue …

Ironie

(635 words)

Author(s): Walde, Christine (Basel) | Erler, Michael (Würzburg)
(griech. εἰρωνεία, eirōneía, urspr. “Kleintuerei”, lat. simulatio, dissimulatio, illusio). [English version] I. Rhetorik Die I. wird im rhet. System wie z.B. die Metapher (Vergleich) zu den Tropen (Tropus) gerechnet (Rhet. Her. 4,46 ordnet sie der Allegorie zu). Während die Metapher durch Ähnlichkeit von Gesagtem und Gemeintem operiert, ist I. durch das Verhältnis des Gegensatzes ( contrarium) gekennzeichnet (Anaximen. Ars rhetorica = [Arist.] rhet…

Epikuros

(4,328 words)

Author(s): Erler, Michael (Würzburg)
(Ἐπίκουρος). [English version] A. Leben E. wurde 342/1 v.Chr. auf Samos geboren, wohin sein Vater Neokles, Athener Bürger aus dem Demos Gargettos, 352 als Kleruche gekommen war. Geburtstag war der 20. Gamelion [1]. Er hatte drei Brüder, Neokles, Chairedemos und Aristobulos. Frühes Interesse an Philos. ist bezeugt. E. schloß sich dem Platoniker Pamphilos an (Diog. Laert. 10,14), hörte dann auf Teos den Demokriteer und Bekannten des Skeptikers Pyrrhon, Nausiphanes. Mit 18 Jahren ging E. für zwei Jahre nach Athen, um als Ephebe zu dienen; vielleicht hat er dort den Akademiker Xenokrates gehört (Diog. Laert. 10,13). Nach der Rückkehr folgte E. seinen Eltern nach Kolophon (nach 322), wohin sie sich nach der Einnahme von Samos durch Perdikkas zurückgezogen hatten. Über die folgenden zehn Jahre sind wir nur spärlich unterrichtet. Doch war diese Zeit für seine philos. Entwicklung von großer Bedeutung, auf die neben Demokrit die platonisch-akademische Lehre und Aristoteles' Werk Einfluß hatten. Um 311/0 begann E., Philos. zu lehren, und eröffnete eine Schule erst in Mytilene, bald darauf in Lampsakos. In dieser Zeit gewann E. treue Freunde wie Hermarchos (Mytilene), Metrodoros oder Kolotes (Lamp…

Kolotes

(645 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rom) | Erler, Michael (Würzburg)
(Κωλώτης). [English version] [1] Bildhauer aus Herakleia/Elis Bildhauer aus Herakleia in Elis. K. war Schüler und Mitarbeiter des Pheidias, so beim Zeus von Olympia. Er arbeitete vornehmlich in Gold und Elfenbein. In Goldelfenbein schuf K. in Kyllene einen Asklepios, in Elis laut Plinius (Plin. nat. 35,54) eine Athena, die nach Pausanias (Paus. 6,26,3) jedoch Pheidias zugeschrieben wurde; da der Schild dieser Athena von Panaino…

Aporie

(399 words)

Philosophische Literaturformen

(2,724 words)

Author(s): Erler, Michael (Würzburg)
Mit ph.L. sind Darstellungsformen und sprachliche Darstellungsmittel…