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[German version] [1] Bishop of Gabala/Syria, c. 400 The bishop of Gabala (present-day Ǧabla) in Syria who appeared from AD 401 as a preacher in  Constantinopolis. His name is primarily tied to the acrimonious conflict with Iohannes [4] Chrysostomus after the latter was nominated as ecumenical patriarch. Both were regarded as gifted preachers, and their rivalry, characterised by reciprocal slights and their open competition for the favour of Empress Aelia [4] Eudoxia, finally led to the deposition and ex…

Hoffmann, Philippe (Paris) I. Anti-Semitism (CT) [German version] A. Subject Area (CT) The application of "anti-Semitism", a term coined in 1879 by a political and social movement as an ideological self-reference, to the ancient world is problematic, in that it suggests a false identity between ancient and modern animosity toward Jews. However, it has established itself as a collective term referring to “alle(r) judenfeindlichen Äußerungen, Strömungen und Bewegungen in der Geschichte” ("all anti-Jewish utte…

(κατηγορίαι; katēgoríai, Lat. praedicamenta). [German version] A. Definition ‘Category’ is a universal term: categories are conceived partly as ‘classes’ or genres of object, partly as concepts or meanings, and partly as universal ‘predicates’ (basic forms of statement; Greek κατηγορίαι).  Aristotle, the Stoics and  Neoplatonism (Plotinus and the commentators on Aristotle) developed various doctrines concerning categories, relating to various disciplines (grammar and logic, semantics and predication theory, physics and ontology, also psychology). Hoffmann, Philippe…