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Part of Science: 1. General 2. Theory of Science 3. Science and Theology Reflection on science has always formed part of philosophy. It is only in modern times, and especially since Kant, that light on the specific character of human cognition has been looked for from the logical analysis of science. For Kant, this raised the question of the possibility of synthetic a priori judgments, which he regarded as an in-dispensable basis of the universal statements of natural laws made by mathematical natural science; that these are justified is placed beyond all d…

Part of Scholasticism: 1. Nature and Approaches 2. Evolution A. Pre-Scholasticism Pre-scholasticism is the term used to describe the theology and philosophy of the 7th to the 11th century, to distinguish it from the preceding patristic theology (see Patrology II, III) and the subsequent period of early scholasticism. A number of spiritual trends are combined, of which the common element may be said to be the effort to make use of an imperfectly mastered classical culture in the understanding of faith, while trying to do justice to the special nature of religious knowledge. 1. In most of…