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3.7.2. Early sciences
(3,815 words)
A. Definitions [German source] ‘Science’ today is understood to mean the systematic process of acquiring knowledge of natural and social phenomena and organizing that knowledge on the basis of theoretically generalizable principles. Modern science is based on ‘reason’ and ‘empiricism’ and has emancipated itself from religion and, largely, from philosophy. At its heart is the modern scientist equipped with a local and relative capacity for acquiring knowledge. This concept of science differs from the…
Date:
2018-08-16
1.4.3. Aspects of the history of research and scholarship
(5,596 words)
A. Mediterranean history and modern archaeology [German source] General Mediterranean history first emerged in the 20th century under the influence of
nouvelle histoire [9] and its approach to social and economic history and the history of mentality and everyday life. It was inspired especially by Fernand Braudel’s [8] idea of making a geographical region the basis for a history that went against the grain of long-standing political and traditional models. This created a theoretical space, akin to a thought experiment, for all kinds of pos…
Date:
2018-08-16
1.2.2. Early concepts of time and calendars
(3,941 words)
A. Ancient concepts of time [German source] The linear, critical, scientific concept of time intrinsic to modern historical research is generally at odds with the concepts of time that gave rise to ancient chronological and era-related dates. In its consideration of time, the history of philosophy [3915–17] suggests that the linear perception of time is not an anthropological constant, but rather derives from a historical type of time perception that emerged in early Christian Antiquity and continued to develop through the early modern period into the late 19th century [3527–75]; [39…
Date:
2018-08-16
1.4.1. Written sources
(5,606 words)
A. Genres and the history of scholarship [German source] Written sources for early Mediterranean history (1200–600 bc) include historical sources in the strict sense, i.e. those recording actual historical events in any form (inscriptions, historical texts), and literary texts, which may relate historical information but primarily transmit fictional and mythical material. A key area for such sources is the eastern Mediterranean, i.e. the region of the ancient ‘high cultures’: Egypt, the Levant and Mesopotamia. …
Date:
2018-08-16
