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Contract
(2,866 words)
Ranieri, Filippo (Saarbrücken RWG) [German version] A. The Historical Background (CT) Modern continental contract law has its historical basis in the tradition of Roman Common Law. The Roman sources--even at the time of the Justinian Codification--do not recognise a general theory of contract, but only specific types of contract. The Roman consensual contract , for example, the purchase (
emptio venditio) or the work contract (
locatio operis), are at the beginning of a development which led to our modern concept of contract as a consensual joining of intention…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Possession
(816 words)
[English version] The Justinian sources cover possession primarily with regard to the legal institution of limitation, both in the context of the transfer of Property and of the formulation of protection for particular legal positions in the digests. Medieval jurisprudence follows the Roman sources in this respect. The association between the protection of property and the state's concern to preserve the public peace was clearly an additional consideraton. Religious law also concerned itself with …
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Causa
(1,054 words)
[English version] The word
causa is linked, with considerable changes, in medieval and common law scholarship to the respective applications in Roman legal sources, i.e.,
causa stipulationis,
causa conditionis and
iusta causa traditionis. European common law scholarship has, however, not achieved a uniform concept of
causa. The Justinian sources already recognised the
causa stipulationis. The
stipulatio had become causal: the declaration of the debtor alone could no longer be the basis of his obligation. The relationship between creditor and debtor …
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Romanist Studies/Roman Law, History of
(5,027 words)
Ranieri, Filippo (Saarbrücken RWG) [German version] A. The Older Civil Law and the Humanist Discovery of the Historicity of Roman Legal Sources (CT) The older Roman Civil law, which marked jurisprudence and legal practice in Continental Europe from the 11th to the 18th cent., at least in principle, had a static and unhistorical understanding of Roman legal sources. These were regarded as valid law, not only in the mediaeval legal schools, but to a certain extent down to the final phase of Civil law scholarship. A historical approach to the texts of the
Corpus Iuris first developed and pr…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Debt law
(1,241 words)
[English version] The rules, principles and legal figures of Roman debt law had moulded the continental European
ius commune since the rebirth of legal instruction in the law schools of the Glossators. It was precisely the Justinian sources of the Roman Law of Obligations that stood in the centre of the practical reception of Roman law. They have shaped jurisprudence and legal practice throughout continental Europe since the late Middle Ages and so represent the central core of the legal tradition of the
ius commune. The individual institutions and legal figures of Roman debt l…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Legal claim
(860 words)
[English version] In medieval and common law jurisprudence and legal practice, the word
actio, that is, a claim for litigation in a formulary procedure, was no longer used with the meaning it had in Classical Roman law. Justinian sources had, to a large extent, already abandoned the procedural function of the Roman system of actions. Because of their unhistorical use of Roman sources, the Glossators could no longer understand the procedural importance of the Roman
actiones. There is, however, a controversy in legal-historical research over the extent to which the thoug…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Anspruch
(711 words)
[English version] In der ma. und gemeinrechtlichen Rechtswiss. und -praxis wird das Wort
actio, der A. nämlich zur Rechtsverfolgung im Formularprozeß, nicht mehr in der Bed. gebraucht, die es im klass. Röm. Recht gehabt hat. Bereits die Justinianischen Quellen hatten die prozessuale Funktion des röm. Aktionensystems weitgehend aufgegeben. Wegen des unhistor. Umgangs mit den röm. Quellen konnten die Glossatoren die prozessuale Bed. der röm.
actiones nicht mehr nachvollziehen. Streitig ist in der rechtshistor. Forsch. jedoch, inwieweit das aktionenrechtliche D…
Source:
Der Neue Pauly
Besitz
(708 words)
[English version] Die justinianischen Quellen berücksichtigen den B. v.a. hinsichtlich des Rechtsinstituts der Ersitzung, bei der Übertragung des Eigentums sowie bei der Ausgestaltung des Schutzes bestimmter Rechtspositionen in den Digesten. Die ma. Rechtswiss. knüpft insoweit an die röm. Quellen an. Daneben tritt deutlich der Zusammenhang zw. Besitzschutz und staatlicher Wahrung des öffentlichen Friedens. Auch das kirchliche Recht greift energisch das Problem des Landfriedens auf. Die Theorie und die Gerichtspraxis der Kanonisten auf der Grundlage des
Canon Redintegra…
Source:
Der Neue Pauly
Causa
(938 words)
[English version] Das Wort
c. knüpft in der ma. und gemeinrechtlichen Rechtswiss. mit beträchtlichen Veränderungen an die jeweiligen Verwendungen in den röm. Rechtsquellen an. Man spricht von
c. stipulationis,
c. conditionis sowie von
iusta c. traditionis. Zu einer einheitlichen Lehre der
c. ist die europ. gemeinrechtliche Wiss. jedoch nicht gekommen. Bereits die Justinianischen Quellen kennen die
c. stipulationis. Die
stipulatio war kausal geworden: die Erklärung des Schuldners allein konnte seine Verpflichtung nicht mehr begründen. Es mußte ein Grund …
Source:
Der Neue Pauly
Rhetoric
(25,145 words)
Worstbrock, Franz Josef I. History and System (CT) [German version] A. Old European Tradition and New Rhetoric (CT) Ancient rhetoric was constantly present in the European world from the time that world first coalesced in the late 8th cent., and from the beginning it was instrumental as one of the foundations of European literacy. Anchored in the school system,
ars rhetorica, however it was delivered, served up or interpreted, was of the essence of any decent education. But knowledge of rhetoric was not merely a tool for the production of texts and was …
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly