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Caeratus

(45 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Καίρατος; Kaíratos). River on Crete. On its western bank lies  Cnossus, occasionally also referred to as C. (Str. 10,4,8; Callim. H. 3,44; Eust. in Dionys. Per. 498). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography M. S. F. Hood, D. Smyth, Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area, 21981.

Hierapolis

(374 words)

Author(s): Drew-Bear, Thomas (Lyon) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
(Ἱεράπολις; Hierápolis). [German version] [1] Important town in south-west Phrygia This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Natural catastrophes | Oracles | Pergamum Important town in south-west Phrygia (as opposed to the town of same name in the ‘Pentapolis’ of central Phrygia) at the edge of the Lycus valley on the road in the Hermus valley from Sardis to Apamea, famous for its thermal springs whose water leaves white limestone terraces when evaporating; they gave the place its modern name Pa…

Ager Teuranus

(67 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Area in Bruttium. The only reference was found on an epigraphical copy of the Senatus Consultum deBacchanalibus from 186 BC, containing instructions for the local administration (CIL I2 581,30 in agro Teurano; cf. ILLRP 2, 511). Judging by where the bronze tablet was found (Tiriolo), the Ager Teuranus should be localized in the vicinity thereof.  Bacchanalia Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 945.

Ialysus

(372 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Mycenaean culture and archaeology | Persian Wars | Delian League (Ἰάλυσος; Iálysos). City on the north coast of the island of Rhodes; with  Lindus and  Camirus one of the three ancient cities of Rhodes. Situated c. 15 km south-west of Rhodes city, on the western slope of the 267 m-high mountain Filerimos (ancient name Achaía, Diod. Sic. 5,57,6; Ath. 8,360e), which functions as the acropolis of I. Settlement and necropolis from the Mycenaean period at the present-day village of Trianda. …

Matalum

(88 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Μάταλον; Mátalon). Town on the Southern coast of Crete (Strab. 10,4,11; Stadiasmus maris magni 323), originally the harbour for Phaestus (Pol. 4,55,6), later for Gortyn; now called Matala. According to one myth, this is where Zeus made landfall after abducting Europa. Only a few classical remains from the Roman period. Some early Christian cliff graves on the northern side of the bay, now partly below sea-level. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography H. Buhmann, s.v. Matala, in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 410 I. F. Sanders, Roman Crete, 1982, 161.

Gallinaria

(128 words)

Author(s): Pera, Rossella (Genoa) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] [1] Island in the Ligurian Sea (modern Gallinara). Small uninhabited island in the Ligurian Sea (Varro, Rust. 3,9); place of refuge for St. Martinus and Hilarius (Sulp. Sev. Sanctus Martinus 6,5; Sozom. Hist. eccl. 3,14; Ven. Fort. Sanctus Hilarius 35). Archaeological finds in the sea off the coast. Pera, Rossella (Genoa) Bibliography G. Forni (ed.), Fontes Ligurum et Liguriae Antiquae (Atti della Società ligure di storia patria 16), 1976 G. Spadea, Archeologia Subacquea in Liguria, in: Bollettino di Archeologia Subacquea 2-3, 1995/6, 103. [German version] [2] W…

Aletrium

(64 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] City in the area of the  Hernici (Plin. HN 3,63), today Alatri. Like Ferentinum and Verulae, A. did not participate in 307-306 BC in the war of the Hernici against Rome (Liv. 9,42,11) and was therefore rewarded like them with autonomy and   conubium (Liv. 9,43,23). A few structural ruins, i.a. an aqueduct and wall. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 654.

Ager Falernus

(55 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Region in northern  Campania (Plin. HN 14,62) between Mons Masicus and Volturnus, known particularly for its wines (Plin. HN 23,24). From 340 BC under Roman control (land distribution to Roman settlers: Liv. 8,11,13 f. 12,12). Pillaged by Carthaginians in the war against Hannibal (Liv. 22,13,9). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 689 f.

Sahara

(364 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] (from Arabic ṣaḥrā, 'desert'; cf. Hdt. 2,32: τὰ ἐρῆμα τῆς Λιβύης/ tà erêma tês Libýēs, 'the desert region of Libya'; Mela 1,50: deserta Africae). The indigenous people today call only individual parts of the S. by their own name. The largest desert on earth, situated in North Africa, with an expanse from the Atlantic in the west to the Red Sea in the east ( c. 6000 km; c. 8 million km2). The S. underwent several cyclical climatic changes (Climate) in prehistoric times that shaped the vegetation and the natural profile; the last of these changes in…

Minoa

(355 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
(Μινώα/ Minṓa). [German version] [1] Region on the west coast of the Argolic Gulf According to Ptol. 3,14,32 a harbour, according to Str. 8,6,1 a phroûrion (‘fortification’), according to Paus. 3,23,11 foothills on the west coast of the Argolic Gulf, the modern island of Monemvasia with medieval and modern fortifications. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M.D. and R. Higgins, A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean, 1996, 55f.  A.J.B. Wace, F.W. Hasluck, South-Eastern Laconia, in: ABSA 14, 1907-1908, 176ff.  H. Waterhouse, R.Hope Simpson, Pre-Historic Laconia 2, in:…

Camara [II]

(116 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
(Καμάρα; Kamára). [German version] [1] Harbour settlement in eastern Crete Harbour settlement in eastern Crete, originally Lato (Λατὼ πρὸς or ἐπὶ Καμάραι, Ptol. 3,17,5; Hierocles, Synekdemos 650,1), modern Agios Nikolaos. Close political links with  Lato [1. no. 72, p. 428]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996. F. Gschnitzer, Abhängige Orte im griech. Alt., 1958, 49-51. [German version] [2] Empórion on India's south-eastern coast According to Peripl. M. Rubr. 60, an   empórion

Metulum

(55 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Main settlement of the Illyrian Iapodes, now Cakovac near Ogulin (in modern Croatia). It was destroyed in 35 BC by the future Augustus (App. Ill. 19-21; Cass. Dio 49,35,2-4). In the Roman period, M. had the status of a municipium (CIL III 10060). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, 1969.

Landscape (Scenery)

(670 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] From a historio-geographical perspective, the term landscape carries several basic implications and connotations. Generally speaking, it can designate a space where historically relevant events have taken place. It is then attributed the quality of a historical source, to be interpreted in a variety of ways. Of further interest is the reciprocal relationship between man and landscape in terms such as: how did man perceive, design, and change the landscape? And how, on the other ha…

Pyrrha

(494 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Lohmann, Hans (Bochum)
(Πύρρα/ Pýrrha). [German version] [1] Daughter of Epimetheus In Greek mythology daughter of Epimetheus (brother of Prometheus) and Pandora and wife of  Deucalion. She and her husband were the only people to survive the flood sent over the earth by Zeus to punish the people of the Bronze Age; on the advice of Prometheus they built a boat on which they sailed around for nine days and nine nights. Deucalion and P. created a new race of people (Pind. Ol. 9,43-56; Ov. Met. 1,318-415), by - on the instruction…

Olous

(223 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Crete (Ὀλοῦς; Oloûs). Dorian port on the northern coast of Crete, on the western part of the bay of Mirabello on the isthmus of the Spinalonga peninsula, modern Elounda. But for a basilica with splendid mosaics from the 5th cent. AD, the remains of O. are under water. In the Hellenistic period, a considerable prosperity developed in O., due not least to its double harbour, with correspondingly growing political significance. The history …

Ad Flexum

(116 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
[German version] [1] Roman road station Roman road station (  statio ) between  Brixia and  Beneventum (It. Burd. 558,9). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 981. [German version] [2] Statio, San Pietro in Fine   Statio , named after the curve in the via Latina between  Casinum and  Venafrum, at the 96th milestone near Ad Flexum (CIL X 6901); today San Pietro in Fine (Caserta). Strategically significant, dominated by walls in a polygonal pattern near San Eustachio and Marena-Falascosa, in opus quadratum and incertum near Muraglie Abbandonate. Uggeri, Giovanni (Flo…

Sam(m)onium

(133 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Greek: Σαμ(μ)ώνιον/ Sam(m)ṓnion). Promontory on the northeastern tip of Crete, modern Kavo Sidero. Strong winds often prevented seafarers from rounding the cape. S. served ancient authors as a fixed point of reference for geographical information and the communication of distances between the islands of the Aegean Sea (cf. Str. 2,4,3; 10,3,20; 10,4,2 f.; 10,4,5; 10,4,12; 10,5,18; Dionys. Per. 110; Mela 2,112; Plin. HN 4,58; 60 f.; 71: promunturium Samonium; Ptol. 3,17,5; Stadiasmus maris magni 318 f.; 355; Acts 27:7: Σαλμώνη/ Salmṓnē in connection with the…

Antissa

(108 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League | Athenian League (Second) (Ἄντισσα; Ántissa). Harbour town in the north-west of  Lesbos, c. 9 km north-east of the modern Antissa, settled from the 14th cent. BC. A. was a member of the  Delian League, and participated in the secession of Lesbian towns on the initiative of  Mytilene (Thuc. 3,18. 28). It was a member of the Second Athenian Confederacy. In 167 BC, it was destroyed by the Romans, and its population resettled in  Methymna (Liv. 45,31,14; Plin. HN 5,139). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography R. …

Galaesus

(71 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] River, also known as Eurotas (Pol. 8,35,8), 40 stades (Pol. loc. cit.) or 5 miles (Liv. 25,11,8) from Tarentum. In 212 BC, Hannibal built a camp on its banks. Mentioned in Virgil (Georg. 4,12,6), Horace (Carm. 2,6,10), and Propertius (2,34,67). Its water is praised as particularly suited for the washing of wool (Mart. 2,43,3; 4,28,3; 5,37,2; 8,28,3; 12,63,6; Stat. Silv. 3,3,93). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 870.

Ampelus

(250 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) | Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
(Ἄμπελος; Ámpelos). [German version] [1] Cape on the south-eastern coast of  Crete Cape on the south-eastern coast of  Crete (Ptol. 3,17,4), according to Plin. HN 4,59 also one of the oppida insignia. The town is to be localized close to the modern town of Xerokampos. Graves and ceramics (i.a. of Rhodian origin) from the Hellenistic-Roman period. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography C. Bursian, Geogr. von Griechenland 2, 1972, 577 f. I. F. Sanders, Roman Crete, 1982, 137. [German version] [2] Cape on the south-western tip of the island of  Samos Cape on the south-western …

Castrum

(279 words)

Author(s): Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] [1] C. Inui Town of the Rutuli (Sil. Pun. 8,359) in the centre of Latium, founded by the kings of Alba Longa (Verg. Aen. 6,775). Abandoned in the archaic period, often confused with C. Novum in Etruria (Rut. Namat. 1,227). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography A. Nibby, Analisi storico-topografica-antiquaria della Carta de' Dintorni di Roma 1, 1848, 440 Nissen 2, 579 O. Toti, 1984. [German version] [2] C. Novum Settlement on the southern coast of Etruria This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Tribus …

Aptara, Aptera

(165 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete | Education / Culture (Ἀπτάρα, Ἀπτέρα; Aptára, Aptéra). Port in the north-west of  Crete on a 230 m high plateau, today Aptara; on coins and in inscriptions Aptara, in literature Aptera (ancient explanation of the name: Steph. Byz. s. v. A.; Paus. 10,5,10). Signs of settlement from the 2nd millennium BC. Frequently involved in interstate politics in early Hellenistic times. In 220 BC under pressure from  Polyrrhenia A. terminated its alliance with  Knossos (Pol. 4,55,4). There is evidence of a   symmachia

Larisa

(2,121 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster) | Et al.
(Λάρισα; Λάρισσα; Lárisa, Lárissa). Name of numerous locations in Greece and Asia Minor, cf. Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ. [German version] [1] Acropolis of Argos The 289-m high acropolis of Argos with Mycenaean remains (not precisely identified) [1]. The temple of Zeus Larisaios and Athena Polias under the large Venetian castle has been excavated. References: Str. 8,6,7; Paus. 2,24,1; 3f.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Λάρισαι πόλεις. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 N. Vassilatos, Larissa. The Acropolis of Argos, 1994. [German version] [2] City in Achaea Phthiotis Important city in Achaea Phthi…

Polichne

(171 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
(Πολίχνη; Políchnē). [German version] [1] Settlement in the Olympieum in the SW of Syracusae Settlement in the Olympieum, a sanctuary of Zeus on the right bank of the Anapus in the south west of Syracusae, where in 414 BC Gylippus stationed part of his cavalry to hamper the Athenians on the Plemmyrium from foraging in the Syracusan hinterland (Thuc. 7,4,7; Diod. Sic. 13,7,5; cf. [1. 41, 4110]). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 H.-P. Drögemüller, Syrakus (Gymnasium Beiheft 6), 1969. [German version] [2] Town in NW Crete This item can be found on the following maps: Crete Town …

Nareste

(45 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Roman castellum in Dalmatia on the Salona - Narona road (Plin. HN 3,142: N.; Nerate: other MS traditions; Geogr. Rav. 4,16: Netrate; 5,14: Nerente), modern Jesenice east of Split/Croatia. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography A. Mayer, Die Sprache der alten Illyrier, 1957, 240f.

Antium

(258 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | Tribus | | Coloniae | Coloniae | Italy, languages | Latini, Latium | Oracles | Regio, regiones Harbour town in southern Latium, modern Anzio. According to first treaty between Rome and Carthage, dated by Polybius back to 508/507 BC [1], this town, rich in tradition (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,32), was at that time under Roman control (Pol. 3,22,11). Soon after, A. came under the influence of the  Volsci, and was thus inv…

Ager Pomptinus

(558 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Region in  Latium between   mons Albanus and the coast of the mare Tyrrhenum. Its name is derived from the town of Pometia (Cic. Rep. 2,44; Liv. 2,16,8; 17,5 f.; 25,6; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 4,50; 6,29), which it has not been possible to localize. Probably towards the end of the 6th cent. BC, the ager Pomptinus (AP) came into the possession of the neighbouring  Volsci. Rome's reaction to this was -- supposedly as early as 492 BC -- the foundation of the colony of  Norba (Liv. 2,34,6; Dion. Hal. …

Rhytium

(92 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Ῥύτιον/ Rhýtion). City in southern central Crete (Plin. HN 4,59), today's Rhotasi. Traces of settlements from late Minoan to Venetian periods. First literary mention at Hom. Il. 2,648 (reference to its being well populated). Rhytium was important beyond its borders as a cultic site for Zeus Skylios [1. 141]. Politically, R. was dependant on Gortyn  (Str. 10,4,14). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 H. Verbruggen, Le Zeus crétois, 1981. H. Beister, s. v. Pyrgos, in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 580  M. Guarducci, Inscriptiones Creticae 1, 1935, 303 f.  I. F.…

Olympus

(2,377 words)

Author(s): Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Meyer, Ernst (Zürich) | Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) | Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Et al.
(Ὄλυμπος/Ólympos). Geography: [1-13]. People: [14-15]. [German version] [1] Home of the ›Olympian‹ gods, highest mountain in Greece (Latin Olympus) (Latin Olympus). Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Meyer, Ernst (Zürich) [German version] I. Geography The highest mountain in Greece, regarded as the home of the 'Olympian' gods (twelve (Olympian) gods). Its altitude, overlooking all of its surroundings, creates a powerful impression, as do its massive size and density and its dramatic ascent, especially at the east and west, which …

Novae

(318 words)

Author(s): Burian, Jan (Prague) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] [1] Locality in Moesia superior This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | | Legio | Limes | Moesi, Moesia Locality (posting station) in Moesia superior (Tab. Peut. 7,1; It. Ant. 221,4; Νοοῦαι/ Nooûai: Ptol. 3,15,5), 4 km east of modern Svištov (Bulgaria). N. was founded around AD 30; the legio I Italica  was stationed here under Vespasian (garrison on the right bank of the Danube near a river-crossing). A civilian settlement grew up nearby. Extensive archaeological and epigraphical finds (fortress wall with gate …

Marathesium

(78 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Μαραθήσιον; Marathḗsion). Town on the west coast of Asia Minor (ruins at the Ambar Tepe [1]); after an exchange with Samos, it belonged to the territory of Ephesus (Scyl. 98; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μ.; Plin. HN. 5,114). From 478/7 BC it was a member of the Delian League (ATL 1,336f.; 515; 2,80; 3,204; 307). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography R. Meriç et al (Ed.) IK 17,1, 1981, 111 (with inscriptions 3112-3114), 100 (map). Magie 2, 886.

Crete

(1,586 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
(Κρήτη, Krētē, Latin Creta). [German version] A. Settlement geography C. is the largest Greek island, with an east-west extension of 250 km and a north-south extension of max. 60 km. The narrowest part is the Isthmus of Hierapytna in the east. The island's topography is shaped by its mountains. Three large mountain ranges dominate: in the west the ‘White Mountains’ (  Leúka órē , 2,482 m), in the centre the  Ida Mountains (Piloritis, 2,456 m) and in the east the  Dicte Range (highest elevation 2,147 m) with the Lassithi Plateau (moun…

Lebena

(231 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Aegean Koine (Λεβήνα; Lebḗna). City on the southern coast of Crete (Str. 10,4,12; Plin. HN 4,59) near the modern village of Lendas. Older form of the name: Λεβήν/ Lebḗn. There is evidence that it was already settled in the Minoan period. Initially important as the harbour for Gortyn, L. became a religious centre from the 4th cent. BC onwards because of its sanctuary of Asclepius founded at a healing spring (the visible remains of the temple as well as the stoa and nympha…

Elyrus

(152 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete (Ἔλυρος; Élyros). Extensive urban settlement in south-western Crete (Steph. Byz. s.v. E.) near Rodovani east of Kandans. Archaeological data: some Roman ruins (town walls, theatre, aqueduct). Syia was Elyrus' port (Steph. Byz. s.v.). It is possible that E. belonged to the koinon of the western Cretan Oreioi, who probably entered an alliance with Magas of Cyrene between 280 and 250 BC [1. 1; 2. 468]; from 183 BC, it was part of the alliance of thirty-one Cretan cities with Eumenes…

Ceraea

(77 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Κεραία; Κεραῖαι; Keraía, Keraîai). Town on Crete in the north-west of the island, of undetermined location between Lappa and Polyrrhenia (Steph. Byz. s.v. Βήνη). In the Lyttian War (220 v.Chr.), C. -- together with other Cretan towns -- seceded from Cnossus and Gortyn (Pol. 4,53,6). In 183 BC, it was one of the Cretan towns to enter an alliance with Eumenes II of Pergamum [1. 179]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 M. Guarducci (ed.), Inscriptiones Creticae IV, 1950.

Leuka (Ore)

(76 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Λευκὰ ὄρη; Leukà órē). The ‘white mountains’ in western Crete, up to 2,482 m high (Str. 10,4,4). Uncultivated and inaccessible with a remarkable stand of cypress trees (Plin. HN 16,142; cf. Theophr. Hist. pl. 4,1,3), in Plin. HN 31,43 also mentioned in connection with the search for sources. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography J. Bowman, Kreta, 1965, 271ff. P. Faure, Noms de montagnes crétoises, in: L'Association G. Budé. Lettres d'humanités 24, 1965, 426-446.

Forest

(294 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Linguistically, a forest in Latin (Serv. Aen. 1,310) is differentiated according to the degree of human cultivation ( silva, nemus,   saltus ) and the associated religious sphere ( lucus,  ‘Grove’). On one hand, forests caused fear and discomfort (Cic. Nat. D. 2,6; Plin. HN 12,3), on the other hand they were valued as places of (even productive) rest and recuperation (Plin. Ep. 1,6,2; 9,10,2; Tac. Dial. 9,6; 12,1). Forests received an extremely negative connotation among Romans in the context of the military …

Halex

(55 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Ἅληξ; Hálēx). River in southern Bruttium, modern Alice. According to Timaeus (FGrH 566 F 43b) and Strabo (6,1,9) the border river between Rhegium and Locri (Paus. 6,6,4, however, says Caecinus). In the Peloponnesian War (426 BC) scene of an Athenian expedition against Locri (Thuc. 3,99). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 955.

Lisus, Lissus

(156 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete (Λισος; Lisos in inscriptions, Λισ(σ)ός; Lis(s)ós in literature; cf. Λίσσα; Líssa, Scyl. 47; Ptol. 3,15,3; Tab. Peut. 8,5). City on the south-western coast of Crete, to the west of modern Sougia, in a position protected by mountains and only open to the sea. From the late 4th cent. BC, L. with Elyrus, Hyrtacina and Tarrha formed the koinón of the oreíoi (‘mountain dwellers’). The city was occupied from the Classical to the Byzantine periods. Of supraregional importance was the Asclepium with the me…

Miletus

(3,516 words)

Author(s): Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) | Cobet, Justus (Essen) | Starke, Frank (Tübingen) | von Graeve, Volkmar (Bochum) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
(Μίλητος; Mílētos). [German version] [1] Mythical founder of the city of Miletus Mythical founder of the city of M. [2]; from Crete; son of Apollo and Areia, daughter of Cleochus whose tomb was in the sanctuary of Didyma [1. 165f.] (Apollod. 3,5f.), or of Apollo and Deione (Ov. Met. 9,443ff.) or of Apollo and Acacallis, daughter of Minos (Antoninus Liberalis 30). Minos fell in love with M., but M. fleed to Caria, establishds M. there [2] and married Eidothea; the children of their union are Byblis and Caunus [1]. According to Ephorus FGrH 70 F 127 M. was founded by Sarpedon. Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) Bi…

Augusta

(3,972 words)

Author(s): Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) | Gaggero, Gianfranco (Genoa) | Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Walser, Gerold (Basle) | Et al.
(Αὐγούστα, Αὐγοῦστα; Augoústa, Augoûsta). [German version] [0] Title First to receive the name A. (‘the Sublime’) was  Livia [2], by the terms of the will of her husband  Augustus (Tac. Ann. 1,8,1; Vell. Pat. 2,75,3; Suet. Aug. 101,2), who at the same time adopted her into the Julian family (thus: Iulia Augusta). Hellenistic influence is disputed (in favour [1], against [2. 140-145]); the name Σεβαστή/ Sebastḗ with the same literal meaning was bestowed on the wives of Roman emperors in the Greek-speaking world independently of any conferring of the name of A…

Dicte

(106 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Δίκτη; Díktē). Mountain in Crete, not identifiable with certainty. In particular Str. 10,4,12 indicates that in antiquity, D. was not in the Lassithi Hills as today, but rather designated the Modi ridge (539 m) on the eastern tip of Crete and that this was the birthplace of Zeus (cf. Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,61; Diod. Sic. 5,70,6; Ath. 9,375f.). At the Minoan town of Palaikastro there was a sanctuary of Zeus Diktaios. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography P. Faure, Nouvelles recherches de spéléologie et de topographie crétoises, in: BCH 84, 1960, 189-220 E. Meyer,…

Mutila

(40 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Town of the Histri, probably modern Medulin (Croatia) in southern Histria. Like Faveria, it was conquered by the Romans in 177 BC (Liv. 41,11,8). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography V.Vedaldi Iasbez, La Venetia Orientale e l'Histria, 1994, 354f.

Mytilene

(1,215 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Μυτιλήνη; Mytilḗnē). [German version] A. Geography City in the southeast of the island of Lesbos, of great political, economic and cultural signficance throughout antiquity. M. owed its prominent position not least to its favourable topographical situation. The earliest settlement, founded by Aeolians in about 1200 BC, was on the modern Kastro Hill and was separated by an a…

Samos

(1,590 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Theatre | Ionic | Natural catastrophes | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Phoenicians, Poeni | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) | Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (ἡ Σάμος/ hē Sámos, Lat. also Samus). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [German version] I. Geography Island in the southeastern Aegean Sea, only c. 2 km from the mainland of Asia Minor (at Mycale); connected in prehistoric times; total area 476 km2. The island is crossed by a chain of mountains (Ampelus according to …

Paros

(1,288 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
(Πάρος; Páros). Island in the Cyclades (195 km2, 22 km long, 16 km wide), west of Naxos [1], south-west of it is the island Antiparos. [German version] I. Geography and early settlement history The landscape is shaped by Mt.Marpessa [2] (modern Prophitis Ilias) - heavily forested in Antiquity, today largely bare - with a height of up to 771 m. The foothills of the mountain stretch to the fertile coasts. Already settled in the Neolithic, P. developed into a significant site of the Cycladic culture. Important find spots are Na…

Halisarna

(137 words)

Author(s): Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
(Ἁλίσαρνα; Halísarna). [German version] [1] Small city in the border region of the regions Mysia and Troas Small city, dynastic seat in the border region of the regions of Mysia and the Troad. In Xenophon (Hell. 3,1,6; An. 7,8,17) H. is mentioned in connection with the Spartan-Persian war 400-396 BC. The dynast Procles named there is the descendant of the Spartan king Damaratus, who was exiled there at the beginning of the 5th cent. BC and received H. along with Pergamum and Teuthrania from Darius I as a gift (Paus. 3,7,8). The exact location and further history are unknown. Schwertheim, El…

Cosilinum

(128 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Pappalardo, Umberto (Naples)
[German version] Statio on the via Popilia (Tab. Peut. 7,1), after which Sala Consilina is named, in the liber regionum of 120 praefectura Consiline in provincia Lucaniae. Inhabited market site (Cassiod. Var. 8,33) near an old spring (Marcellianum). In the 5th cent. AD an episcopal seat. The old fortification mentioned in Pliny (Plin. HN 3,95) may possibly be associated with Padula in the Tanagro valley (thus already in [3]), where a fortified embankment was found on a hill and prehistoric graves in the valley (archaic g…

Amnisus

(174 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Mycenaean culture and archaeology | Aegean Koine (Ἀμνισός; Amnisós). Harbour settlement, belonging to  Knosos during the Minoan period (Epineion: Str. 10,4,7), situated on the northern coast of  Crete, 8 km east of  Heracleum on the river A. (modern Karteros); remains of the Minoan town structure (i. a. ‘Villa of the Lilies’); its name is listed on the place name register of Amenophis III [1. 67 ff.] and in the clay tablet archives of Cnossus; it was f…

Alba Longa

(155 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] City in  Latium on the   mons Albanus near modern Castel Gandolfo. According to legendary documents making every effort to ensure the connection of Rome with Troy, founded by  Aeneas' [1] son  Ascanius (in the Roman version also Iulus, Verg. Aen. 1,267, or Iullus, Cato HRR fr. 9). An early position of supremacy in Latium is probable. Most likely already in the 7th cent. BC, Alba Longa (AL) was incorporated by Etruscan-dominated Rome. Tradition has ascribed this to King Tullus Hostilius (Liv. 1,29; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,31,3-6). The population was relocated to Rome, the mon…

Lato

(372 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete (Λατώ; Latṓ). City in the east of Crete, situated in an isolated mountain area at a height of c. 400 m, with a good view of the coast, 15 km away from modern Agios Nikolaos. Already settled in the Minoan period but then deserted by the inhabitants. In the 8th cent. BC, Doric re-establishment and then in the ancient and classical period one of the most prominent towns on the island. Numerous inscriptions document the engagement of L. in international politic…

Ida

(439 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster)
(Ἴδη, Ἰδαῖον ὄρος; Ídē, Idaîon hóros). [German version] [1] Highest mountain range in Crete Highest mountain range in Crete, modern Psiloritis, with the peak Timios Stavros (2,456 m). Still heavily forested in antiquity (cf. the name I. = ‘wooded mountains’), predominantly with cypresses (Eur. Hipp. 1253; Theophr. Hist. pl. 3,2,6; 4,1,3; Plin. HN 16,142). Used early on for mining metals (FGrH 239,11; Diod. Sic. 5,64,5) and agriculture (Theophr. De ventis, fr. 5,13 Wimmer; [1]). The cave considered the birthpl…

Manliana

(49 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Name of two road stations in Italy: one on the Via Aemilia Scauri near Populonia (Tab. Peut. 4,2; Geogr. Rav. 4,32; It. Ant. 292,4) and the other on the road from Siena to Chiusi (Tab. Peut. 4,4; Geogr. Rav. 4,36; Ptol. 3,1,49). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)

Praesus

(372 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete (Πραισός/ Praisós). City in eastern Crete (Scyl. 47) on the peninsula of Sitia, near the modern village of Nea Praisos (Vaveli) between three acropoleis. The location was already settled in the Neolithic Period (cult site in a cave to the north west of the town). Numerous remains from the Minoan and Mycenaean periods survive (megalithic building in the south; tholos tombs in the necropolis north of the town, in use from the 15th-2nd cents. …

Volcanoes

(360 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] There is no Greek or Latin term to be found in ancient literature corresponding to the modern 'volcano'; nevertheless, individual volcanic phenomena are identified, such as lava-flow: Greek ῥύαξ/ rhýax (< ῥέω/ rhéō, 'to flow'; cf. also Theophrastus's Perì rhýakos toû en Sikelíai mentioned in Diog. Laert. 5,49), Lat. Vulcanius amnis ('Vulcanic stream', Claud. Rapt. Pros. 172; from Latin Vulcanius, 'pertaining to Vulcan and his works'), saxa liquefacta 'liquified rocks' (Verg. Aen. 3,576) or massa ardens 'blazing mass' (Iuv. 10,130). For the Roman god see Volcanus. I…

Nedinum

(144 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Town in Liburnia (Tab. Peut. 5,4; ILS 1989), modern-day Nadin/Croatia, on the road from Iader to  Burnum. The Roman town was built in the time of Augustus on an earlier indigenous settlement. As a Roman colonia and as municipium to the tribus Claudia, N. was part of the regio X of Italy (Plin. HN. 3,130).There is documentary evidence for the following officials: II viri, aediles and an officialis Naeditarum (CIL III 2860-2876). The town's aristocracy came from the indigenous families. The preservation of social structures and cultic observances i…

Aborigines

(286 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] In Roman tradition the name given to the earliest inhabitants of  Latium (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,10; Lydus, Mag. 1,10). The etymology of the name is uncertain: Lycoph. 1253 hints at a derivation from Βορείγονοι ( Boreígonoi;  Aeneas [1] was prophesied that he would settle ἐν τόποις Βορειγόνων; en tópois Boreigónōn); others -- on the presumption that the A. pursued a nomadic way of life -- formulate an onomastic development from Aberrigenes ( aberrare) to A. (Paul. Fest. 19; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,10; Auctor de origine gentis Romanae 4,2). The origin of the A. is equa…

Mochlos

(123 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Μόχλος). Small island  situated on the north-east coast of Crete and south-east of the Gulf of Mirabello. In Antiquity the island was probably connected to the mainland by an isthmus. Costly finds from the Minoan necropolis indicate considerable prosperity. Mochlos was also important in Roman (remains of walls and towers) and Byzantine times. Roman containers for holding fish lie beneath the surface of the water close to the mainland. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography H. Beister, s.v. M., in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 439  J.W. Myers et al., Aerial Atlas …

Lycastus

(200 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
(Λύκαστος; Lýkastos). [German version] [1] City in Crete City in Crete (Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ.; Plin. HN 4,59; Mela 2,113), about 11 km south of Knossos, modern Kanli Kastelli. In Hom. Il. 2,647 participant in the Trojan War. Autonomous in phases but mostly dependent on Knossos and belonging to its territory. In 184 BC, conquered by Gortyn (Pol. 22,19) until revised by Roman arbitration [1]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996, 281-285, no. 40. I. F. Sanders, Roman Crete, 1992, 154. [German version] [2] River River f…

Eresus

(357 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Persian Wars | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Ἔρεσος; Éresos). City on the west coast of Lesbos (Str. 13,2,4; Plin. HN 5,139; Ptol. 5,2,29; Mela 2,101), 4 km south of today's town of Eresos near Skala Eresou. Few archaeological remains: ring wall of the acropolis, port facilities from the 5th/4th cents. BC, relics of the Hellenistic city wall, Roman cisterns; early Christian churches from the 5th cent., i.a. a basilica of St.…

Omphalium

(222 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Strauch, Daniel (Berlin)
(Ὀμφάλιον/ Omphálion). [German version] [1] Plain in Crete Plain (Diod. Sic. 5,70) on Crete in the area of Knossos on the river Triton (modern Platyperama; Callim. H. 1,42ff.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὀ.). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography C. Bursian, Geographie von Griechenland, vol. 2, 1868, 570  M. Guarducci, Inscriptiones Creticae, vol. 1, 1935, 45f. [German version] [2] Place in Thessalia Place in Thessalia (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὀ.) near modern Lutra Smokovu, possibly the sanctuary of Omphale. The Dolopian cities of Angeae and Ctimenae fought over its possession [1]. Kramolisch,…

Polyrrhenia

(290 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete (Πολυρρηνία/ Polyrrhēnía). City in north-western Crete (Ptol. 3,17,10; Str. 10,4,13; Scyl. 47: Πολύρρηνα/ Polýrrhēna; Plin. HN 4,59: Polyrhenum) south of the Bay of Kissamos in an exposed position on a steep hill on the site of a village still called P. today. P. is one of the oldest Doric settlements in Crete (the place name is pre-Greek with its own dialect [1]). At the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC, P., through the mediation of Sparta, entered into an a…

Ager Teuranus

(63 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Gebiet in Bruttium. Einzige Erwähnung auf einer inschr. Kopie des Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus von 186 v. Chr. mit Anweisungen an die Lokalbehörde (CIL I2 581,30 in agro Teurano; vgl. ILLRP 2, 511). Nach dem FO der Bronzetafel (Tiriolo) ist die Landschaft A. T. in der Umgebung dieses Ortes zu lokalisieren. Bacchanalia Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 945.

Chalke

(44 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] (Χάλκη). Insel vor der Nordküste von Rhodos (29 km2). Die Polis Ch. (Reste von Akropolis, Apollontempel, Nekropole) gehörte zum rhodischen Kamiros. Im 5. Jh.v.Chr. Mitglied des Attisch-Delischen Seebundes. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography P.M.Fraser, G.E. Bean, The Rhodian Peraea and Islands, 1954, 144f.

Elyros

(143 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kreta (Ἔλυρος). Ausgedehnte Stadt im SW von Kreta (Steph. Byz. s.v. E.) bei Rodovani östl. von Kandans. Arch. Befund: Wenige Ruinen aus röm. Zeit (Stadtmauer, Theater, Aquädukt). Der Hafen von E. war Syia (Steph. Byz. s.v.). E. gehörte evtl. zum Koinon der westkret. Oreioi, die wohl zw. 280 und 250 v.Chr. einen Vertrag mit Magas von Kyrene schlossen [1. 1; 2. 468] und war 183 v.Chr. Partner im Bündnis der 31 kret. Städte mit Eumenes II. (Syll.3 627,7). Stiftung einer brn. Ziege in Delphoi (Paus. 10,16,5). E. wa…

Hierapolis

(338 words)

Author(s): Drew-Bear, Thomas (Lyon) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
(Ἱεράπολις). [English version] [1] Bed. Stadt in SW-Phrygia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum | Naturkatastrophen | Orakel | Pergamon | Theater Bed. Stadt in SW-Phrygia (zu unterscheiden von der gleichnamigen Stadt in der “Pentapolis” in Zentral-Phrygia) am Rand des Lykos-Tals an der Straße im Hermos-Tal von Sardeis nach Apameia, berühmt für die warmen Quellen, deren Wasser beim Verdunsten weiße Kalksinterterassen entstehen läßt; sie haben dem Ort den h. Namen Pamukkale (“Baumwollschloß”) geg…

Creta et Cyrenae

(139 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Nach Eroberung durch Q. Caecilius Metellus (69-67 v.Chr.; Liv. per. 100; Plut. Pompeius 29) wurde Kreta als Doppelprov. mit der Kyrenaika (seit 74 v.Chr. röm. Prov.) organisiert ( C. et C.). Kurzfristige Trennung aufgrund der Freiheitserklärung des M. Antonius (43 v.Chr.). 27 v.Chr. stellte Augustus den alten Zustand wieder her (senatorische Prov.). Sitz der Administration ist Gortyn. Durch die diokletianische Neuordnung Auflösung der Doppelprov. (Cyrenae zur Libya Pentapolis). Wichtiges Dokument für die rech…

Mal(l)ia

(241 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Linear B Eine der min. Palastanlagen auf Kreta, an der Nordküste ca. 40 km östl. von Heraklion, mit zwei Hafenbuchten. Der relativ geringe Grad ant. Überbauung und späterer Rekonstruktion ermöglicht einen authentischen Einblick in die min. Palastarchitektur. Wie bei den Palästen von Knosos, Phaistos und Zakros gruppieren sich die Gebäude um einen großen Mittelhof. Auch die Gesch. des Palastes mit den einzelnen Bauphasen entspr…

Ager Campanus

(237 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Gebiet der Stadt Capua, das die Römer im 2. Pun. Krieg 211 v. Chr. konfiszierten, weil Capua zu Hannibal übergegangen war (Liv. 23,7). Seitdem ager publicus populi Romani (Liv. 26,16,8) mit einer Ausdehnung von etwa 500 km2 [1. 36-38]. Rom gewann damit eine der fruchtbarsten Landschaften It. (Liv. 26,26,7). 209 v. Chr. Verpachtung durch die Censoren (Liv. 27,11,8). Zur Sanierung der durch Kriege strapazierten röm. Staatskasse 205 und 199 v. Chr. Verkauf von Teilen des A. (von der fossa Graeca bis nach Kyme: Liv. 28,46,4, bzw. die Region am Fuß des östl. vo…

Olympos

(2,083 words)

Author(s): Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Meyer, Ernst † (Zürich) | Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) | Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Et al.
(Ὄλυμπος). Geographisch: [1-13], Personen: [14-15]. [English version] [1] Wohnung der ›olympischen‹ Götter, höchster Berg Griechenlands (lat. Olympus) (lat. Olympus). Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Meyer, Ernst † (Zürich) [English version] I. Geographisch Der als die Wohnung der “Olympischen” Götter (Zwölfgötter) geltende höchste Berg Griechenlands, der durch seine die gesamte Umgebung überragende Höhe, seine Masse und Geschlossenheit und den bes. nach Osten und Westen kaum durch Vorberge verdeckten mächtigen Anstieg einen g…

Marsyas

(872 words)

Author(s): Visser, Edzard (Basel) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Nissen, Hans Jörg (Berlin) | Ziegler, Konrat † (Göttingen) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
(Μαρσύας). [English version] [1] phryg. Flußgott und Schutzgottheit von Kelainai Phrygischer Flußgott und Schutzgottheit von Kelainai, dargestellt als Satyr oder Silen. Der Name ist aus einem im kleinasiatisch-syr. Raum mehrfach vorkommenden Toponym abgeleitet; auch der Fluß, an dessen Quelle Kelainai liegt, trägt diesen Namen (M. [5]). M. galt als Entdecker des Flötenspiels ( aulós), Erfinder der Binde, die beim Flötespielen verwendet wurde ( phorbeiá) und von Liedern zur Verehrung der Göttin Kybele. Dem Mythos zufolge ist die Möglichkeit, mit einer Flöte …

Knosos

(589 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaimenidai | Ägäische Koine | Ägäische Koine | Ägäische Koine | Apollon | Bildung | Bodenschätze | Christentum | Coloniae | Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Getreidehandel, Getreideimport | Kreta | Linear B | Makedonia, Makedones | Mykenische Kultur und Archäologie | Naturkatastrophen | Schrift (Κνωσός; Schreibung Κνωσσός ist spätere Praxis; lat. üblicherweise Gnosos oder Gnosus). Stadt in Mittel-Kreta, etwa 5 km südöstl. von Herakleion am Westufer des Flusses Kairatos; Besiedlung schon in neolithis…

Lykormas

(55 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] (Λυκόρμας). Früherer Name des Flusses Euenos [3] in Aitolia (Strab. 7,7,8; 10,2,5). Der L. spielt eine Rolle in der Erzählung vom Raub der Marpessa [1], der Tochter des Euenos mit Alkippe (Hom. Il. 9,555ff.; Ov. met. 2,245; Bakchyl. 15,34). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography B. Snell, Bakchylides' Marpessa-Gedicht, in: Hermes 80, 1952, 156-163.

Dikte

(104 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] (Δίκτη). Gebirge auf Kreta, nicht eindeutig zu identifizieren. Wie vor allem Strab. 10,4,12 zeigt, hielt man in der Ant. nicht das h. als D. bezeichnete Lassithi-Gebirge, sondern den Bergzug Modi (539 m) an der Ostspitze von Kreta für D. und somit für die Geburtsstätte des Zeus (vgl. Dion. Hal. ant. 2,61; Diod. 5,70,6; Athen. 9,375f.). Bei der min. Stadt Palaikastro befand sich eine Kultstätte des Zeus von D. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography P. Faure, Nouvelles recherches de spéléologie et de topographie crétoises, in: BCH 84, 1960, 189-220  E. Meyer, s.v…

Mykonos

(281 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] (Μύκονος). Insel der Kyklades (Plin. nat. 4,66) mit einer Fläche von 88 km2, karg, felsig, wasserarm, hügelig, jedoch ohne größere Berge (die höchste Erhebung beträgt knapp 390 m). Erste Besiedlung erfolgte in spätneolithischer Zeit (Anf. 3. Jt.v.Chr.; Panormos-Bucht im Norden). Eine frühkykladische Siedlung (nach 2600 v.Chr.) befindet sich auf der Halbinsel Anavolousa im SW. Auf M. gab es zwei städtische Zentren (Skyl. 58; vgl. Syll.3 1024): bei Palaiokastro südöstl. der Panormos-Bucht (seit der mittleren Brz.) und an der Stelle der h. In…

Aecae

(76 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Coloniae Stadt in Apulia an der via Traiana (Tab. Peut. 6,3), h. Troia. Im 2. Pun. Krieg zeitweilig auf Seiten Hannibals, 214 v. Chr. von Rom zurückgewonnen (Liv. 24,20,5). In der späteren Kaiserzeit colonia Augusta Apula Aecae. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 844  L. Vendola, Su alcune iscrizioni latine di Aecae (Troia), in: Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia di Bari 27/28, 1984/85, 23-39.

Ager Pomptinus

(473 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Landschaft in Latium zw. dem mons Albanus und der Küste des mare Tyrrhenum. Der Name ist abgeleitet von der Stadt Pometia (Cic. rep. 2,44; Liv. 2,16,8; 17,5 f.; 25,6; Dion. Hal. ant. 4,50; 6,29), deren Lokalisierung nicht möglich ist. Wohl gegen E. des 6. Jhs. v. Chr. kam der A. in den Besitz der benachbarten Volsci. Rom reagierte darauf mit der angeblich bereits 492 v. Chr. erfolgten Gründung der Kolonie Norba (Liv. 2,34,6; Dion. Hal. ant. 7,13) am Hang der Monti Lepini [1]. Mit Zurückdräng…

Larisa

(1,854 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster) | Et al.
(Λάρισα; Λάρισσα). Name zahlreicher Orte Griechenlands und Kleinasiens, vgl. Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ. [English version] [1] Burgberg von Argos Der 289 m hohe Burgberg von Argos mit myk. Resten (nicht genau identifiziert) [1]. Der Tempel des Zeus Larisaios und der Athena Polias unter der großen venezianischen Burg ist ausgegraben. Belege: Strab. 8,6,7; Paus. 2,24,1; 3f.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Λάρισαι πόλεις. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 N. Vassilatos, Larissa. The Acropolis of Argos, 1994. [English version] [2] Stadt der Achaia Phthiotis Bed. Stadt der Achaia Phthiotis am Süd…

Kamara

(103 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
(Καμάρα). [English version] [1] Hafenort in Ost-Kreta Hafenort in Ost-Kreta, urspr. Lato (Λατὼ πρὸς bzw. ἐπὶ Καμάραι, Ptol. 3,17,5; Hierokles, Synekdemos 650,1), h. Agios Nikolaos. Enge polit. Anbindung an Lato [1. Nr. 72, S. 428]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996. F. Gschnitzer, Abhängige Orte im griech. Alt., 1958, 49-51. [English version] [2] empórion an der SO-Küste Indiens Nach peripl. m. r. 60 ein empórion an der SO-Küste Indiens, vielleicht mit Chaberis des Pto…

Lethaios

(119 words)

Author(s): Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg)
(Ληθαῖος). [English version] [1] Nebenfluß des Peneios Linker Nebenfluß des Peneios in NW-Thessalia, fließt durch Trikka (Paus. 14,139), h. Trikkalinos. Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Bibliography F. Stählin, Das hellenische Thessalien, 1924, 121. [English version] [2] Fluß im Süden von Kreta Fluß im Süden von Kreta, der Gortyn in Nord-Süd-Richtung durchfließt (Strab. 10,4,11), h. Mitropolianos. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [English version] [3] Zufluß des Maiandros Rechter Zufluß des Maiandros (Flußgott: Mz. von Magnesia), entspringt auf dem Paktyes bei …

Kairatos

(45 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] (Καίρατος). Fluß auf Kreta. An seinem westl. Ufer liegt Knosos, gelegentlich auch mit dem Namen K. versehen (Strab. 10,4,8; Kall. h. 3,44; Eust. in Dion. Per. 498). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography M.S.F. Hood, D. Smyth, Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area, 21981.

Olus

(205 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Kreta (Ὀλοῦς). Dor. Hafenstadt an der Nordküste von Kreta, am westl. Teil des Golfes von Mirabello auf dem Isthmos der Halbinsel Spinalonga, h. Elunda. Bis auf eine Basilika mit prächtigen Mosaiken aus dem 5. Jh. n.Chr. liegen die Reste von O. unter Wasser. In hell. Zeit entwickelte sich in O. nicht zuletzt dank seines Doppelhafens ein beachtlicher Wohlstand, der mit wachsender polit. Bed. korrespondierte. Die Gesch. von…

Ad Flexum

(116 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Uggeri, Giovanni (Florenz)
[English version] [1] Röm. Straßenstation Röm. Straßenstation ( statio ) zw. Brixia und Beneventum (Itin. Burdig. 558,9). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 981. [English version] [2] Statio, h. San Pietro in Fine Statio , benannt nach der Kurve welche die via Latina zw. Casinum und Venafrum am 96. Meilenstein bei A. machte (CIL X 6901), h. San Pietro in Fine (Caserta). Strategisch bedeutend, beherrscht von Mauern in Polygonalmauerwerk bei San Eustachio und Marena-Falascosa, in opus quadratum und incertum bei Muraglie Abbandonate. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florenz) Bib…

Kydonia

(319 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaimenidai | Ägäische Koine | Ägäische Koine | Ägäische Koine | Getreidehandel, Getreideimport | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kreta | Makedonia, Makedones | Mykenische Kultur und Archäologie | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Perserkriege | Pompeius (Κυδωνία). Stadt im NW von Kreta, h. Chania, nach Strab. 10,4,7 die drittgrößte Stadt der Insel (vgl. Flor. 1,42,4). Ihre Gründung wird legendär zurückgeführt auf Minos und seinen Sohn Kydon (Diod. 5,78,2; Paus. 8,53,4). Die Stadt …

Augusta

(2,629 words)

Author(s): Gaggero, Gianfranco (Genua) | Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Walser, Gerold † (Basel) | Cresci Marrone, Giovanella (Turin) | Et al.
[English version] [1] Bagiennorum Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Theater Ligurische Stadt am Oberlauf des Tanaro, h. Bene Vagienna. Gegr. vor dem J. 5 v.Chr., regio IX (Plin. nat. 3,49; Ptol. 3,1,35), municipium (CIL V 7135) der tribus Camilia. Monumente: Reste von Forum, Basilica, Thermen, Theater, Amphitheater, Aquädukt. Gaggero, Gianfranco (Genua) Bibliography Fontes Ligurum et Liguriae antiquae, 1976, s.v.a. B.  Inscriptiones Italiae 9,1, 1948  G. Mennella, Cristianesimo e latifondi tra Augusta B. e Forum Vibi Caburrum, in: RAC 69, 1993, 205-222  A.T. Sar…

Manliana

(44 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Name zweier Straßenstationen in It.: an der Via Aemilia Scauri nahe Populonia (Tab. Peut. 4,2; Geogr. Rav. 4,32; Itin. Anton. 292,4) und an der Straße von Siena nach Chiusi (Tab. Peut. 4,4; Geogr. Rav. 4,36; Ptol. 3,1,49). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)

Herdoniae

(177 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Theater (auch Herdonia: Strab. 6,3,7; Sil. 8,567; App. Hann. 48; Ptol. 3,1,72; Herdonea: Liv. 25,21,1; 27,1,6). Stadt in Apulia ( regio II: Plin. nat. 3,105; CIL IX 689f.; 1156; Itin. Anton. 116,2), h. Ordona, an der via Minucia (Strab. 6,3,7; Plin. nat. 2,244), Ausgangspunkt der Straßen nach Beneventum, Aeclanum und Ausculum. Nach der Schlacht bei Cannae (216 v.Chr.) Übertritt auf die Seite Hannibals und bis 210 v.Chr. häufig in die Auseinandersetzungen des 2. Pun. Krieges …

Meteon

(68 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] (Μετεών). Ortschaft der illyr. Labeates in der Landschaft Labeatis (Pol. 29,3; Liv. 44,23,3; 32,3), in der Nähe des h. Podgorica (Montenegro). Polit. Bed. erlangte M. 168 v.Chr. als Treffpunkt des Pantauchos, eines Gesandten des maked. Königs Perseus, und des Illyrierfürsten Genthios (Pol. l.c.; Liv. l.c.). Erh. sind Türme der Stadtmauer des 3. Jh.v.Chr.; keine systematischen Ausgrabungen. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography J.J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, 1969, 26f., 166.

Alba Longa

(142 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Stadt in Latium am mons Albanus beim h. Castelgandolfo. Nach legendärer, um Verbindung Roms mit Troia bemühte Überlieferung gegr. von Aineias' [1] Sohn Ascanius (in der röm. Version auch Ilus, Verg. Aen. 1,267, bzw. Iullus, Cato HRR fr. 9). Eine frühe Vormachtstellung in Latium ist wahrscheinlich. Wohl bereits im 7. Jh. v. Chr. wurde A. L. vom etr. dominierten Rom eingemeindet. Die Tradition hat dies dem König Tullus Hostilius zugeschrieben (Liv. 1,29; Dion. Hal. ant. 3,31,3-6). Die Bevölkerung wurde nach Rom umgesiedelt, der mons Caelius (Roma) in das röm. Stad…

Oleros

(114 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] (Ὤλερος). Ort in Ostkreta, von wo aus wohl im 4. Jh.v.Chr. der Großteil der Bevölkerung in die Neugründung Hierapytna übersiedelte. Danach war O. Kultzentrum der Athena Oleria [1]. Zu lokalisieren beim h. Meseleri. Keine ant. Reste. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996, Nr. 74,8. C. Bursian, Geogr. von Griechenland, Bd. 2, 1868, 579  H. van Effenterre, Die von den Grenzen der ostkret. Poleis eingeschlossenen Flächen als Ernährungsspielraum, in: E. Olshausen, H. Sonnabend (Hrsg.), Stu…

Aqua Ferentina

(79 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Quelle (auch ad caput Ferentinum, Liv. 2,38,1) in Latium, vermutlich an der Südseite des mons Albanus , im lucus Ferentinae (Liv. 1,50,1). Bis Mitte des 4. Jhs. v. Chr. Versammlungsort der Latini (Liv. 1,50,1; 2,38,1; 7,25,5; Dion. Hal. ant. 3,45; 51; 4,45; 5,61). Laut röm. Annalistik (Liv. 1,51,9) wurde hier, auf Veranlassung des Tarquinius Superbus, Turnus Herdonius ertränkt. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 558  A. Alföldi, Das frühe Rom und die Latiner, 1977, 34-36.

Oaxos

(167 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] (Ὄαξος, Ἄξος). Bergstadt im nördl. Mittelkreta, an das Gebiet von Tylissos grenzend, ca. 30 km südl. von Heraklion, in jüngeren Quellen Axos (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἄ.) genannt. O. lag an den nördl. Ausläufern des Ida-Gebirges, an einer steilen Akropolis mit wenigen arch. Überresten (Mauer). Bereits in spätminoischer Zeit besiedelt, entwickelte sich O. seit dem 8./7. Jh. v.Chr. zu einer bed., in ihrer Bausubstanz h. jedoch nur noch rudimentär erh. Stadt. Aus O. stammte Phronime, die Mu…

Imbrasos

(94 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] (Ἴμβρασος). Fluß auf Samos (Plin. nat. 5,135), ant. auch als Parthenios (Strab. 10,2,17) bezeichnet, in der Nähe des Hera-Tempels, h. Imvrasos. Unter dem Lygosbaum (Keuschlammbaum) am Ufer des I. soll gemäß ant. Trad. Hera geboren worden sein (Paus. 7,4,4; Apoll. Rhod. 1,187), was Anlaß zu periodisch wiederkehrenden kult. Handlungen im Wasser des I. gab. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography E. Buschor, I., in: MDAI(A) 68, 1953 (1956), 1-10  H.J. Kienast, Zum heiligen Baum der Hera auf Samos, in: MDAI(A) 106, 1991, 71-80  G. Shipley, A History of Samos 80…

Mutila

(38 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Ort der Histri, wohl das h. Medulin/Kroatien im Süden von Histria. 177 v.Chr., wie auch Faveria, von den Römern erobert (Liv. 41,11,8). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography V.Vedaldi Iasbez, La Venetia Orientale e l'Histria, 1994, 354f.

Rhodos

(1,442 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Ägäische Koine | Athleten | Attischer Seebund | Bildung | Byzantion, Byzanz | Handel | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kleinasien | Kolonisation | Naturkatastrophen | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Pergamon | Pompeius | Roma | Roma | Schrift | Theater (Ῥόδος). [English version] I. Geographie Insel im südöstl. Aigaion Pelagos vor der SW-Küste von Kleinasien, h. der Inselgruppe Dodekanes zugeordnet, mit einer Fläche von 1400 km2. Die ant. Gesch. der Insel Rh. wurde zu einem guten Teil von ihrer geogr. Situation …

Rhaukos

(124 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kreta (Ῥαῦκος). Stadt in Mittelkreta, ca. 15 km südwestl. von Herakleion [1], h. Agios Myron (benannt nach einem Bischof des 3. Jh. n. Chr. in Rh.), mit minoischen Überresten in der Umgebung. Die Akropolis war seit spätmyk. Zeit besiedelt. Zu Anf. des 2. Jh. v. Chr. mit Gortyn verbündet (Pol. 22,15,1), war Rh. 166 v. Chr. Objekt einer gemeinsamen kriegerischen Aktion von Gortyn und Knosos (Pol. 31,1) [1. Nr. 44]. Geringe Reste aus röm. Zeit dokumentieren Siedlungskontinuität. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliogr…

Gortyn

(1,205 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Thür, Gerhard (Graz)
Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Apollon | Bildung | Christentum | Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Getreidehandel, Getreideimport | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kreta | Limes | Makedonia, Makedones | Pompeius | Roma | Roma | Theater [English version] I. Lage Eine der bedeutendsten und größten Städte auf Kreta, in der Mesara-Ebene am Fluß Lethaios gelegen, zw. den Dörfern Agi Deka und Mitropolis, 16 km (Strab. 10,4,7: 90 Stadien) vom Libyschen Meer entfernt, auch als Gortyna und Gortyne überliefert. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) …

Nestos

(196 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
(Νέστος, Μέστος, Νέσσος). [English version] [1] Fluß in Thrakien Fluß in Thrakien, der im Rila-Gebirge entspringt (nach ant. Vorstellung fälschlicherweise aus dem Skomios, h. Vitoša-Gebirge: Aristot. meteor. 1,13,350b 16f.) und nach 234 km in einem Sumpfdelta bei Abdera [1] in die Ägäis mündet (Hdt. 7,109; Theophr. h. plant. 3,1,5; Ps.-Skyl. 67). Als Flußgott ist N. schon Hes. theog. 341 bekannt. In röm. Zeit Grenze zw. den Prov. Macedonia und Thracia. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography B. Isaac, The Greek Settlements in Thrace until the Macedonian Co…

Lisos, Lissos

(129 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kreta (Λισος inschr., Λισ(σ)ός lit.; vgl. Λίσσα, Skyl. 47; Ptol. 3,15,3; Tab. Peut. 8,5). Stadt an der SW-Küste von Kreta, westl. vom h. Sougia, in von Bergen geschützter, nur zum Meer hin geöffneter Lage. Seit dem späten 4. Jh.v.Chr. bildete L. mit Elyros, Hyrtakina und Tarrha das koinón der oreíoi (“Bergbewohner”). Von überregionaler Bed. der von klass. bis byz. Zeit besiedelten Stadt war das Asklepieion mit Heilquelle. Erh. sind Reste von öffentlichen (Theater, Thermen, Brunnen, ein…

Mentores

(55 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[English version] Volksstamm in der nördl. Adria-Region (Dalmatia), bei Hekat. FGrH 1 F 62 Nachbarn, bei Plin. nat. 1,139 Teil der Liburni (wie die Himani, Enchelaeae, Peucetii). Später standen die M. unter der Herrschaft der Iapodes. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography G. Alföldy, Bevölkerung u. Ges. der röm. Prov. Dalmatia, 1965  J.J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, 1969.
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