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Rhebas

(153 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
(Ῥήβας/ Rhḗbas). [German version] [1] River in Bithynia, present-day Riva Deresi River in Bithynia (Apoll. Rhod. 2,343; 650; Tab. Peut. 9,2 written incorrectly as ad herbas), present-day Riva Deresi; it discharges on the north coast of the Bithynian peninsula east of where the Bosporus flows into the Pontos Euxeinos. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography IK 10,3, 1987, 141 f. [German version] [2] Left-hand tributary of the Lower Sangarius, present-day Gökcesu Left-hand tributary of the Lower Sangarius, which rises on Olympus [13], present-day Gökçesu. Its valle…

Cuballum

(151 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts Fortress in  Galatia ( C. Gallograeciae castellum: Liv. 38,18,5), can be identified with the spacious plateau situated near modern Ortakişla (north of Sülüklü) in a bend in the valley, with edges that fall away steeply and have to some extent obviously been consolidated for fortification purposes, and the drop of a massive cut embankment to provide a barrier against the rear elevations; otherwise no identifiable building remains [1. 31]. C. cont…

Trocmi

(345 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Τρόκμοι/ Trókmoi, Latin Trocmi). Celtic tribe, which, together with the Tolistobogii and led by Lutarius, passed through Thracia (Thracians) in 279/8 BC into the territory of Byzantium; they were recruited by Nicomedes [2] I as allies [1.236-264]. The east Galatian region around central and lower Cappadocia which was won over to support the Pontic kings (probably 274/3 BC) became the home of the T. It was divided into four tribal principalities (tetrarchies with centres of power in …

Cataonia

(87 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Καταονία; Kataonía). Region and strategia in south-eastern Cappadocia between Taurus and Antitaurus, bordering on Cilicia, Commagene, and Melitene (Str. 11,12,2; 12,1,1-2,4), originally a Luwian-speaking region; in 301 BC, it fell to Seleucus I, probably as a dowry of Stratonice for Ariarathes III of Cappadocia; in AD 17, it became part of the province of Cappadocia, belonged to  Armenia Minor under Diocletian, to Armenia II in AD 386, and to Armenia III in AD 536. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 2478f. Hild/Restle, 202.

Libyssa

(68 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Λίβυσσα; Líbyssa, also τὰ Βουτίου; tà Boutíou). Town on the north coast of the Gulf of Izmit on the river Libyssus (Λίβυσσος; Líbyssos, modern Tavsançıl Deresi); nearby was the monument of Hannibal (Arr. FGrH 156 F 28; Plin. HN 5,148; Tzetz. Chil. 1,803ff.). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Th. Wiegand, Zur Lage des Hannibalgrabes, in: MDAI(A) 27, 1902, 321-326 W. Ruge, s.v. L./Libyssos, RE 13, 203.

Cappadox

(48 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Καππάδοξ; Kappádox). Tributary of the  Halys, modern Delice Irmağı (upper course: Karanlık/Boğazlıyan Çayı, north-eastern tributary: Kanak Çayı); rising in northern Cappadocia, the C. is the main river of eastern Galatia. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 1919f. K. Strobel, Die Galater, 1, 1996.

Aegosages

(167 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Αἰγοσάγες/ Aigoságes). Celtic tribe recruited by Attalus [4] I in 218 BC for the battle against Achaeus [5] in Thracia and taken to Asia Minor (Pol. 5,77 f.; 5,111,1-7; [1. 233, 243]). In Aeolia (Aeolians [2]) and Mysia, Attalus I operated successfully with the A. who, however, started a mutiny at the Macestus due to a lunar eclipse. Attalus kept his word to the A. and settled them at the Hellespontus where they proceeded to plunder the surrounding cities and finally occupied Iliu…

Dadastana

(124 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Δαδάστανα; Dadástana, also Dabastana). Town in Galatia on the border with Bithynia, c. 20 km west of Nallıhan on the road from Nicaea to Ancyra [2. 31, 106f.]; belonged to Bithynia from the time of Augustus, from that of Diocletian to the prov. Galatia I (Amm. Marc. 25,10,12) [1. 160]. The emperor Jovian died here on 17 February, AD 364, on his way home from the Persian war. Here, a corps belonging to the usurper Procopius went over to Valens in 365 (Amm. Marc. 25,10,12; 26,8,5). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 Mi…

Hypius

(90 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
(Ὕπιος; Hýpios). [German version] [1] River in Asia Minor ( Hyp(p)ius). River, modern Melen Çayı, which flows from Lake Daphnusis (modern Efteni Gölü) to the Black Sea; the upper reaches of the H. are identical to the Küçük Melen Çayı (differently [1]). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) [German version] [2] Mountain range in Asia Minor ( Hypius mons). Mountains north of  Prusias on the H. (Plin. HN 5,148; differently [1]). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 L. Robert, A travers l'Asie Mineure, 1980, 11-106. K. Belke, Paphlagonien und Honorias, 1996, 217f. W. Ruge, s.v. H., RE 9,…

Camulianae

(75 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Καμουλιαναί; Kamoulianaí, Kamuliana). Settlement on the road from Caesarea/Mazaka to Tavium in Cappadocia, possibly the modern Kermer. Its name is not of Celtic origin (different view in [1. 197f.]); as a place of pilgrimage (image of Christ, translation to Constantinople in AD 574), it became a town under the name of Iustinianopolis; documented as a diocese from AD 553 into the 13th cent. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 Hild/Restle. W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 1844.

Archelais

(102 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae Town in south-western  Cappadocia; the modern Aksaray. Founded after 36 BC by the last Cappadocian king  Archelaus [7] in place of the old centre Garsau(i)ra (as κωμόπολις, komópolis: Str. 12,2,6 with 14,2,29). Elevated by the emperor  Claudius to the status of Colonia Claudia Archelais; from the 4th cent. AD governed as a colonia or civitas Colonia. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography D. French, Latin Inscr. from Aksaray (Colonia Archelais in Cappadocia), in: ZPE 27, 1977, 247-249 F. Hild, M. Restle, Kapp…

Mariandyni

(262 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Μαριανδυνοί; Mariandynoí). Originally a Plāïc-speaking (Paphlagonian) population in northern Anatolia, overlayered by groups of Thracian descent. Area of settlement: to the east of the watershed between the lower Sangarius and Hypius [1], to the south of the coastal area Thyni(a)s (up to Kales), to the west of the Caucones in the area of the lower Billaeus and the Paphlagonian area on the middle Ladon, to the north of Abant and Köroğlu Dağları (Str. 8,3,17; 12,3,4). Subjugated by …

Pant(e)ichium

(67 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Παντ(ε)ίχιον; Pant(e)íchion). Harbour town and fortress south-east of Calchedon in the border region of Nicomedeia, the modern Pendik; already inhabited in Early History. According to Procop. Goth. 3,35,4, Belisarius owned a country estate there. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F.K. Dörner, s.v. P., RE 18, 779f.  R. Janin, Constantinople Byzantine, 21964, 502  Id., Les églises et les monastères des grands centres byzantins, 1975, 8, 52ff., 62.

Proseilemmenitae

(100 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Προσειλημμενῖται; Proseilēmmenîtai). Inhabitants of the territory of Proseilemmene in the frontier region between Lycaonia and Galatia, originally part of Phrygia Megale, between Karaca Dağ, Paşa Dağı and Tuz Gölü (Tatta Limne); assigned in 25/4 BC as a regio attributa ('associated region') to the urban area of Ancyra, in the Antonine period (late 2nd/early 3rd cents. AD) organized into the urban community of Cinna (Ptol. 5,4,10; [1. 56 f., 59 f.], pace [2. 55, 148]). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 K. Strobel, Galatien und seine Grenzregionen, in: E.…

Nazianzus

(71 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Ναζιανζός/ Nazianzós, orig. Nadiandós). Settlement in Cappadocia, later in the province of Cappadocia II (Hierocles, Synekdemos 700,5), modern Bekârlar, 30 km east of Aksaray; from AD 325 it is recorded as a bishopric, in the 11th century a metropolitan seat and in the 14th cent. it is described as deserted. Gregorius [3] was bishop here in 382-3. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 244f.  W. Ruge, s.v. Nazianzos, RE 16, 2099-2101.

Nakida

(61 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Hittite Naḫita). Important pre- and early historical settlement and Byzantine fortified city [1], modern Niğde. After the destruction of Tyana in AD 833 it took on the function of capital of southern Cappadocia. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. Prayon, Kleinasien vom 12.-6. Jahrhundert v.Chr. (TAVO Beiheft B 82), s.v. N. Hild/Restle, 243f.  B. Radt, Anatolien, vol. 1, 1993, 140-143.

Arabissus

(68 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity (Ἀραβισ(σ)ός; Arabis(s)ós). Town in  Cappadocia; the modern Afşin (formerly Yarpuz), near the confluence of three tributary sources of the Pyramus (It. Ant. 210,11). At the end of the 4th cent. headquarters of the legio XII Moderatiana. Mentioned from AD 381 as a suffragan bishopric. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. Hild, M. Restle, Kappadokien (TIB 2), 1981, 144 f.

Askania Limne

(62 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Ἀσκανία λίμνη; Askanía límnē). Ascanian Lake, also known as Lake  Nicaea in  Bithynia (modern İznik Gölü); the name was applied to the lake and the surrounding region, the western part of which was taken as belonging to Mysia, the eastern one to Phrygia (Str. 12,4,5; Plin. HN 5,40,8). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. A., RE 2, 1610.

Cappadocia, II.

(639 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] Roman province in central and eastern Asia Minor, with Caesarea [3] as its capital. After the death of  Archealus [7] I in AD 17, the kingdom of  Cappadocia was annexed in 18/19 under the command of Q. Veranius, a legate of Germanicus (Tac. Ann. 2,42,4). The province with an auxiliary garrison was under the administration of a procurator (Tac. Ann. 12,49; Cass. Dio 57,17,7); under Cn. Domitius Corbulo (55-61 and 63-65/66) and L. Iunius Caesennius Paetus (61-63), it was united with  Galatia. In 70/71, the Legio XII Fulminata was transferred to Melitene (Joseph BJ 7,1…

Preietus

(86 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Πρείετος/ Preíetos). Port and episcopal city in Bithynia (Bithynia et Pontus), on the southern coast of the Bay of Astacus or Nicomedia, probably near modern Karamürsel, named after the Bithynian god of war P., who had one of his main cult sites there (Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, De thematibus 1,27: Πραίνετος/ Praínetos; Tab. Peut. 9,2: Pronetios; Plin. HN 31,23: Brietium). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. K. Dörner, s. v. Preietos (2), RE 22, 1832-1835  Id., Inschriften und Denkmäler in Bithynien (IstForsch 14), 1941, 37-40, 65-67, no. 39-42.

Germa, Germokoloneia

(87 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | | Coloniae (Γέρμα κολωνία, Γερμοκολώνεια; Gérma kolōnía, Germakolṓneia). Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Germenorum, founded between 25/24 and 21/20 BC; at the crossing of the roads Ancyra - Dorylaeum/Ancyra - Pessinus. Attested as a suffragan diocese until the 12th cent. Ruins near modern Babadat. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography H. v. Aulock, Die röm. Kolonie G., in: MDAI(Ist) 18, 1968, 221-237 Belke, 168f. Mitchell I, 87-90, 151f., 155 M. Waelkens, G., Germokoloneia, Germia, in: Byzantion 4…

Anastasioupolis

(69 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Ἀναστασιούπολις; Anastasioúpolis). Town in  Galatia, remains near Dikmen Hüyük. Originally called Lagania, a station on the pilgrim route; recorded as a suffragan diocese from AD 451. Renamed after  Anastasius I (AD 491-518). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography K. Belke, M. Restle, Galatien und Kappadokien (TIB 4), 1984, 125 f. S. Mitchell, Anatolia. Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor, vol. 2, 1993, 126 f., 129 f. W. Ruge, s. v. A., RE 12, 454.

Vegistum

(78 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Ueteston, Οὐέτεστον). Town in Galatia on the southern edge of the territory of the Tolistobogii (Ptol. 5,4,7; Tab. Peut. 9,5: Vetissus), about 8 km to the west-northwest of modern Sülüklü. Regionally organised in the Roman period as δῆμος Οὐητισσέων/ dêmos Uētisséōn (MAMA 7, 363); numerous inscriptions survive from the region around V. (MAMA 7, 311-401). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 242  E. Kirsten, s. v. V., RE 8 A, 2437-2439.

Sozopetra

(49 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Σωζόπετρα/ Sōzópetra, also Ζιζόατρα/ Zizóatra, Ζάπετρα/ Zápetra; in Arabic sources Zibaṭra or Zubaṭra). City in Cappadocia in the strategia of Lauiansene, which borders on Syria (Ptol. 5,7,10), modern Doğanşehir (formerly Viranşehir), 56 km to the southwest of  Melitene. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 286 f.  E. Honigmann, s.v. S., RE 3 A, 1256.

Basilica Therma

(44 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Βασιλικὰ Θέρμα, Θέρμα, Θέρμαι Βασιλικαί; Basilikà Thérma, Thérma, Thérmai Basilikaí). City in Cappadocia, in the border region to East Galatia, today Sarıkaya (previously Terzili Haman). Thermal spa, documented as a diocese since AD 451. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 156f.

Garsaura, Garsauira

(62 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Γαρσάουρα, Γαρσαύιρα; Garsáoura, Garsaúira). Main town of the Cappadocian strategia Garsauritis, modern Aksaray; refounded by  Archelaus [7] as  Archelais (later colonia Claudia Augusta; in Str. 12,2,6 called κωμόπολις). From AD 325 to the 14th cent. attested as a bishopric. The original name was preserved (in the Seljuq period Aqsarā). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 205f. Mitchell 1, 95f.

Pessinus

(1,059 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Zenobia | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Celts | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Pergamum (Πεσσινοῦς; Pessinoûs). Town in Phrygia, later part of Galatia. Temple-state with a famous sanctuary of Cybele/Mater Magna (Str. 10,12; 12,5,3), crossed by the sacred creak Gallus [2], which has buried the town area with its silt deposits; modern Ballıhisar. The territory of P. reached the mountain of Dindymum in the north, including its north-eastern slopes up…

Cinna, [1]

(77 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Κίννα, also Κίνα; Kínna, Kína). Town in the province of Galatia, modern Karahamzalı; in Antonine times (2nd cent. AD), the district of Proseilemmene was organized as a municipality ( Proseilemmenitai); attested as a diocese of Galatia I possibly as early as AD 325, then into the 12th cent. AD. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 198 Mitchell 1, 96 K. Strobel, Galatien und seine Grenzregionen, in: E. Schwertheim (ed.), Forsch. in Galatien (Asia Minor Stud. 12), 1994, 59.

Helenopolis

(65 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] Place at the exit of the Gulf of Astacus in Bithynia, originally Drepanon, modern Altinova. Birthplace of  Helena [2], elevated to a city in her honour by Constantine [1] and extended by Justinian (Amm. Marc. 26,8,1; Procop. Aed. 5,2). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography R. Janin, Les églises et les monastères des grands centres byzantins, 1975, 97f. W. Ruge, s.v. Drepanon (4), RE 5, 1687.

Tembris

(57 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Τέμβρις/ Témbris, also Témbros, Thýmbris, Tembrógius; modern River Porsuk). Left bank tributary of the Sangarius (Liv. 38,18,8; Plin. HN 6,4; HN 681). It rises in the Dindymum to the south of modern Kütahya, flows first to the north and then turns eastwards past Dorylaeum. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 232  W. Ruge, s. v. T., RE 5 A, 433.

Kerkenes Dağı

(219 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] Mountain massif south of Sorgun, in the Hittite period probably the cult mountain Daḫa near Zippalanda (Kuşaklı Höyük). After 600 BC building of the city of Pteria, the largest prehistoric city of Anatolia ( c. 2.5 km2 densely built up): layout to plan with grand administrative and military complexes, later condensing of the existing area; clay brick superstructure of the city wall ( c. 7.5 km long) probably not completed for political reasons; numerous tumuli. New centre of the Phrygian empire - that was restricted because of the Lydian expa…

Melaina Akra

(35 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Μέλαινα Ἄκρα/ Mélaina Akra). Bithynian foothills to the east of the northern end of the Bosporus, modern Kara Burun. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. Melaina Akra (2), RE 15, 387.

Mons Magaba

(83 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] Mountain massif near Ancyra, onto which the Tectosages and Trocmi retreated from the Romans in 189 BC; the Galatae were defeated with their Paphlagonian and Cappadocian allies in the foothills (Liv. 38,24-27); today a lush outcrop (Kale/Doğandere Tepe) of the Elma Dağı-Massif (incorrect [1. 53f.]; reference to the mons Modiacus west of Ancyra at Fest. 11 cannot be correct). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 Mitchell 1. W. Ruge, s.v. M., RE 14, 287  K. Strobel, Die Galater 2, 1999  Belke, 207.

Faustinupolis

(105 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae (Φαυστινούπολις; Phaustinoúpolis, colonia Faustinopolitanorum). Originally the village of Halala, 24 km south-east of Tyana; the modern Başmakcı. Here died in AD 176  Faustina the Younger [3] (SHA Aur. 26,4; 9), for which M. Aurelius elevated F. to the status of colonia. Attested since 431 as a bishopric. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography M. H. Ballance, Derbe and F., in: AS 14, 1964, 139-145 R. P. Harper, s.v. F., PE, 326 Hild/Restle, 258f. T. Drew-Bear, Inscriptions de Cappadoce, in: J. DesCourtils (…

Mnizus

(47 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Μνίζος/ Mnízos). Way station, later a town, on the road from Nicaea to Ancyra (Cod. Theod. 9,40,16; 9,45,3), 8 km to the west of modern-day Ayaş. It was a suffragan bishopric from AD 451 until sometime in the 12th cent. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 207.

Peium

(84 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Πήιον/ Pḗion, Latin Peium; Πεῶν χωρίον/ Peôn chōríon), Deiotarus' treasure fortress (Str. 12,5,2; Cic. Deiot. 17). Hellenistic and Byzantine castle, built in a meander of the river Siberis (Kirmir Çayi) on a steep-sided rock plateau, modern Tabanoğlu Kalesi. Strong entrenchment fortification, cisterns, traces of a palace and a tunnel stairway in the northern part of the site. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 212f.  S. Mitchell, Blucium and Peium, in: AS 24, 1974, 61-74  K. Strobel, Galatica II, in: Orbis Terrarum 6, 2000

Podanala

(68 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Πωδανάλα/ Pōdanála). Fortified settlement of the northeastern tetrarchy of the Trocmi on the upper city of the Hittite cult city of Zippalanda (Kuşaklı Hüyük) near Sorgun; it was here that Pompeius [I 3] and Licinius [I 26] Lucullus met in 66 BC (Str. 12,5,2). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography K. Strobel, Galatica I, in: Orbis Terrarum 3, 1997, 131-153.

Aspona

(80 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Ἄσπονα, Ἄσπωνα; Áspona, Áspōna). Border town of  Galatia north of the Tuz Gölü, modern Sarıhüyük. Statio on the pilgrim route, in the 4th cent. AD civitas; documented as a suffragan diocese from AD 342/343. Fortified hill with evidence of settlement as early as prehistoric times. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography K. Belke, Galatien und Lykaonien, TIB 4, 1984, 135 S. Mitchell, Regional Epigraphic Catalogues of Asia Minor 2, 1982, 403-405.

Galatia

(1,808 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
I. Region [German version] A. Definition Region in central Anatolia; it received its ethnically derived name following the conquest, settlement, and formation of states by the Celtic  Tolistobogii,  Tectosages, and  Trocmi, thus replacing the older names for its constituent regions (Phrygia, Cappadocia). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) [German version] B. Geography Before 188 BC, the tribal states of G. included, in the north, peripheral areas of  Paphlagonia and the territory of the  Mariandyni (basins of Bolu and Gerede), the zone ─ rich in woodl…

Tyana

(216 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Syria | Byzantium | Christianity | Xenophon | Zenobia | | Coloniae | Ḫattusa | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Aegean Koine (Τύανα/ Týana; Luwian Tuwana). Ancient Anatolian city, capital of southern Cappadocia, on the road to the Cilician Gates [1], modern Kemerhisar (settlement mound, aqueduct, tapping of springs). Seat of a Late-Hittite kingdom, which in the later 8th cent. BC probably came under the predominance of the Phrygian kingdom (Phryges). In the Hellenistic…

Arca

(47 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Ἄρκα; Árka). Town in  Armenia minor, present-day Akçadaǧ. Statio on the road Caesarea-Melitene (Arcas: Itin. Anton. 211,3), colonia Arca. Evidence of a bishopric from AD 431. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. Hild, M. Restle, Kappadokien (TIB 2), 1981, 152 f. G.Hirschfeld, s.v.A. 4, RE 2, 1118.

Cybistra

(73 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Ḫattusa (Κύβιστρα; Kýbistra). Town in  ‘Cataonia at the end of the road from the Cilician Gates across the Taurus, later also called Heraclea; modern Tont Kalesı, 13 km south-east of Ereğli; belonged later to  Cappadocia II. It was a diocese from AD 325 and an archdiocese from c. 1060. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. Kybistra, RE Suppl. 4, 1123 Hild/Restle, 188-190.

Siberis

(61 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Σίβερις). Right-hand tributary of the Sangarius, dangerous because of its flooding (Procop. Aed. 5,4,1-3), also called Hieros flumen  (Plin. HN 5,149), modern Kirmir Çayı (otherwise still in [1]). From the 1st until the 3rd cent. AD it formed the border between Bithynia and Galatia (Plin. loc.cit.). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 W. Ruge, s. v. Hieros flumen, RE 8, 1589. Belke, 224.

Eudoxias

(77 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Εὐδοξιάς; Eudoxiás). City of Galatia II, named after the wife of Arcadius or the daughter of Theodosius II, probably Hamamkarahisar (Arslani [1. 447-464]) at the foot of the  Dindymum ([2. 129] incorrectly attributes this area to Germia); documented to have been a bishopric from 451 onwards (Hierocles, 698,2). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 M. Waelkens, Germa, Germokoloneia, Germia, in: Byzantion 49, 1979 2 Mitchell 2. K. Belke, Germia und E., in: W. Hörandner et al., Byzantios. FS H. Hunger, 1984 Belke, 163.

Gorbeus, Corbeuntus

(81 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Γορβεῦς, Κορβεῦντος; Gorbeûs, Korbeûntos). Residence of Castor the Elder, the tetrarch of the Tectosages, who was murdered here along with his wife by his father-in-law  Deiotarus; the latter destroyed the castle and large parts of the settlement (Str. 12,5,3). Later a road station (Ptol. 5,4,6; It. Ant. 143,2; 205,9); SE of Oğulbey, 29 km south of Ankara. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 171 K. Strobel, Die Galater 2, 1998.

Cyzistra

(39 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium (Κύζιστρα; Kýzistra). Town and Byzantine fortress in the Cappadocian strategia of Cilicia (Ptol. 5,6,15), the modern Zengibar Kalesı, 56 km south-south-west of  Caesarea. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 219f.

Ekkobriga

(152 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts Central town of the north-western  Trocmi tetrarchy, a fortified settlement of the Trocmi and a joint posting station for the roads to Ancyra and Tavium (Tab. Peut. 9,5: Eccobriga; It. Ant. 203,6: Ecobrogis), modern Kalekişla east of Sulakyurt [1. 148-151; 2. 28]. E. consisted of a steeply rising castle mount and an extensive walled lower town; scattered finds indicate settlement into the Byzantine period. The name of this obviously Celtic new foundation is derived from briga (‘fortified high place’), and can m…

Dascusa

(138 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Δασκοῦσα; Daskoûsa). City and fortress on the Euphrates limes in Cappadocia (strategia Melitene) on the border to Armenia minor (Plin. HN 5,84; 6,27; Oros. 1,2,23; Ptol. 5,6,19; 21 erroneously distinguishes D. and Dagusa), later counted as part of Armenia II, on the Satala-Melitene road (It. Ant. 209,3), located near Ağın, Elazığ. In the 4th cent., the Ala Auriana is stationed there (Not. Dign. Or. 38,22). Fortified settlement hill and late-antique fortress (Pağnık Öreni) [1; 2; 3]. The military camp was established in AD 80/82 [4]. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Biblio…

Symposium

(32 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] Fortress in Cappadocia probably built after 363 AD, modern Kaleköy at Şerefiye; possibly identical with the In Medio road station (It. Ant. 212,8). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 288 f.

Nyssa

(56 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium (Νύσσα/ Nýssa). Old Anatolian settlement and city in the Cappadocian strategy of Morimene (Ptol. 5,6,23), today Büyük-/Küçükkaletepe north of Harmandalı. In AD 372, Gregorius [2] became bishop of N. The city declined as early as the 9th cent. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 246-248.

Ariarathia

(51 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Ἀριαράθεια; Ariarátheia). Town in  Cappadocia, strategia of Sargarausene, modern Pınarbaşı (former Aziziye), founded by Ariarathes IV. Documented as a suffragan diocese from AD 431. Under Constantine incorporated into  Armenia minor. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. Hild, M. Restle, Kappadokien (TIB 2), 1981, 151 G. Hirschfeld, s. v. Ariarath(e)ia, RE 2, 815.

Sangarius

(233 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Σαγγάριος/ Sangários). River in Asia Minor, modern Sakarya, c. 520 km long, source (according to Str. 12,3,7; cf. 12,4,4; 5,3) 150 stadia from Pessinus (according to Liv. 38,18,8 at mons Adoreus) in Phrygia (Phryges). The headwaters of the upper course collect the water of the Phrygian highlands. In the prehistoric era, the southern river system of the S. was more significant; it carried away the precipitation from the area around Ilgın in the south to Yunak and today has left evidence of itself in a heavily…

Germia

(65 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Γέρμια; Gérmia). Town on the northern edge of the Dindymon in Galatia II, modern Gümüşkonak (previously Yürme; different [1]); attested from 553 as a suffragan diocese, then as an archdiocese.  Eudoxias Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 M. Waelkens, Germa, Germokoloneia, G., in: Byzantion 49, 1979, 447-464. K. Belke, G. und Eudoxias, in: W. Hörandner, Byzantios. FS H. Hunger, 1984, 1-11 Belke, 166-168, 247 Mitchell II, 129.

Iuliupolis

(131 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Ἰουλιούπολις; Ioulioúpolis). Originally Gordiou Kome, settlement in Galatia where the road from Nicaea to Ancyra crossed over the  Scopas (Procop. Aed. 5,4). Home of the dynast Cleon, who defected to Augustus in 31 BC. The settlement was named I. in his honour and extended to become a city (Str. 12,8,9; Plin. HN 5,143). After 25/4 BC it belonged to Bithynia (Plin. HN 5,149), from the time of Diocletian to the province of Galatia, then to Galatia I. Also called Basilaion (Basileon)…

Tavium

(168 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Ḫattusa | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Celts | Pompeius | Patricius also Tavia, Tabia (Τάουιον/ Táouion, Ταβία/ Tabía; Old Anatolian Tawinija), city in Galatia at modern Büyüknefes. Centre, settled since the Chalcolithic period, which had acquired wider significance by the early Bronze Age. Important cult city of the Hittite Empire, significant centre in the 1st millennium BC. From 274/272 BC onwards a speedily Hellenized centre of the Trocmi a…

Syceon

(62 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Συκεών/ Sykeṓn, Σικεών/ Sikeṓn). Place in Galatia (Proc. Aed. 5,4,1) where the road from Nicaea [5] to Ancyra crosses the Siberis, about 10 km to the south-southwest of modern Beypazarı, as a road station Fines Galatiae (Tab. Peut. 9,4, but incorrectly Fines Cilicie). Saint Theodorus lived and worked in S. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 228 f.  S. Mitchell, Anatolia, vol. 2, 1993, 122-150.

Mithridatium

(123 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Μιθριδάτιον; Mithridátion). Hellenistic fortress at the point where the Alaca Çayı breaks through the basin of Alaca towards the north, modern Gerdekkaya (north east Galatia; formerly usually erroneously identified with Kerkenes Dağı). Two rock tombs of the 3rd cent. BC; outer settlement until well into the Byzantine period. Fortress of the Trocmi, given by Pompey in 65/4 BC, with the surrounding territory, to Brogitarus (Str. 12,5,2); ori…

Bi­thynia

(1,312 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
(Βιθυνία; Bithynía). [German version] A. Geographical location Region and kingdom in north-western Asia Minor, with a Thracian population. Its core territory (Str. 12,3,2f.; 12,3,7; 4,1-10; [2; 3. 190ff.]) lies between the  Bosporus [1] and the area around the lower  Sangarius, from the Black Sea Coast to the Gulf of Cius, Lake Ascania and the Kapıorman Dağları range. The northern coastal region up to the Kales formed the original territory of  Thyni(a)s, inhabited by the related tribe of the  Thyni, …

Tolistobogii

(362 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Τολιστοβόγιοι/ Tolistobógioi). Celtic tribe (Syll.3 591: Tolistoágioi) which, together with the Trocmi and led by Leonnorius, passed through Thracia in 279/8 BC and into Byzantium where Nicomedes [2] recruited them as allies [1.236-252]). After 275/4 BC the T. took possession of northwest Phrygia. Until 189 BC Gordium was their municipal centre and their territory extended from the Axylos in the south to the Bolu basin, and eastwards over the Ankara-Haymana region (Galatia; [2]). At th…

Tolastochora

(57 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Τολαστοχόρα; Tolastochóra). Town in Galatia (Ptol. 5,4,7; Tab. Peut. 9,5) at a crossing over the former southern main tributary of the Sangarius from Lake Ak (River Gökpınar) at modern Gökpınar in the southwestern border region of the Tolistobogii. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 236.

Tectosages

(783 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
(Τεκτόσαγες/ Tektósages). [German version] I. Overview Sub-tribe of the Volcae, a Celtic group of peoples, referred to as Volcae T., who probably originated in the low mountain ranges from Thuringia to northeastern Bavaria ( circum Hercyniam silvam, Caes. B Gall. 6,24,1-4) ([1. 172-179]; differing: [4]). In the 4th cent. BC, the majority group of the Volcae were caught in a migration-dynamic in which a part of them, dominated by the T., moved across the Danube region into southeastern Europe. Another group of the T. adopted strong…

Cratea

(128 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Κράτεια, Κράτια). City in Bithynia, known today as Gerede, newly founded as Flaviopolis in the Flavian period (end of the 1st cent. AD). It was the main city of the South Paphlagonian border area in the Gerede Basin and was annexed to Galatia in c. 275/4 BC, and in 179, annexed to Paphlagonia (Land of Gaizatorix; Str. 12,3,41). In 6/5 BC, it became  Bithynia et Pontus and was part of Paphlagonia under Diocletianus (late 3rd cent. AD), later part of Honoria. Documented as a diocese since AD 342/3. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibl…

Prusa, Prusa ad Olympum

(588 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Προῦσα, Προῦσα πρὸς Ὀλύμπῳ τῷ ὄρει/ Proûsa, Proûsa pròs Olýmpōi tôi órei). City in Bithynia, on the northern slopes of Olympus [13] in Mysia (Str. 12,4,3), modern Bursa. A Prusias who is supposed to have fought Croesus  (Str. ibidem), the Bithynian king Prusias [1] I (Arr. FGrH 156 F 29) and Hannibal [4] (Plin. HN 5,148; [1. 1103 f.] accordingly dates the foundation to 188 or 187 BC) have been named as founders. Coins show the official tradition of foundation by Prusias I, who created it as…

Blucium

(71 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Βλούκιον; Bloúkion, Blucium). Residential castle of Deiotarus I (Str. 12,5,2; Cic. Deiot. 17). Archaeological finds: necropolis, settlements near Karalar [1; 2]. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 R. O. Arık, Karalar Hafriyatı, in: TTAD 2, 1934, 103-167 2 T. Saatçı, in: Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 1986 Yıllığı, 30-33; 1987 Yıllığı, 19-22. S. Mitchell, Blucium and Peium, in: AS 24, 1974, 61-75 K. Strobel, Die Galater, 2, 1997.

Axylos

(61 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Axylos terra). Treeless grass steppe south of the upper  Sangarius between Emir Daǧları and  Tatta (Tuz Gölü) -- an area characterized by pasture farming in the border zone of Phrygia and Galatia with Lycaonia, (Liv. 38,18,4), cf. Str. 12,6,1). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography K. Strobel, Galatien und seine Grenzregionen, in: Asia Minor Studies 12, 1994, 29-65, here: 54ff., 59.

Mocis(s)us

(86 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Μωκισ(σ)ός/ Mṓkis(s)ós, also Mocesus, Iustinianupolis). Town in Cappadocia, which was rebuilt around 520 AD by Iustinianus I as a mountain stronghold (Procop. Aed. 5,4,15); present-day Viranşehir, to the south of Aksaray. It was probably relocated again at the end of the 7th cent. and was still a metropolitan seat in the 14th cent. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography A. Berger, Survey in Viranşehir (M.), in: Araştırma sonuçları toplantısı 13, 1996, 109-126; 14, 1997, 27-41; 15, 1998, 227-237  Hild/Restle, 238f.  W. Ruge, s.v. M., RE 15, 2514f.

Kerkenes Dağı

(187 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Bergmassiv südl. von Sorgun, in hethit. Zeit wohl der Kultberg Daḫa bei Zippalanda (Kuşaklı Höyük). Nach 600 v.Chr. Errichtung der Stadt Pteria, der größten vorgesch. Stadt Anatoliens (ca. 2,5 km² dicht bebaut): planmäßige Anlage mit herrschaftlichen, administrativen und mil. Komplexen, nachträgliche Verdichtung der einphasigen Bebauung; Lehmziegeloberbau des Stadtwalls (ca. 7,5 km L) wohl aus polit. Gründen nicht vollendet; zahlreiche Tumuli. Neues Zentrum des durch die lyd. Expansion auf den Osten beschrän…

Eudoxias

(72 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Εὐδοξιάς). Stadt der Galatia II, nach der Gattin des Arkadios oder der Tochter Theodosios' II. benannt, wohl Hamamkarahisar (Arslani [1. 447-464]) am Fuß des Dindymon ([2. 129] rechnet dieses Gebiet zu Unrecht zu Germia); als Bistum seit 451 bezeugt (Hierokles, 698,2). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 M. Waelkens, Germa, Germokoloneia, Germia, in: Byzantion 49, 1979 2 Mitchell 2. K. Belke, Germia und E., in: W. Hörandner u.a., Byzantios. FS H. Hunger, 1984 Belke, 163.

Preietos

(76 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Πρείετος). Hafen- und Bischofsstadt in Bithynia, an der Südküste des Golfes von Astakos bzw. Nikomedeia, wohl nahe dem h. Karamürsel, benannt nach dem bithynischen Kriegsgott P., der hier eine seiner Hauptkultstätten hatte (Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, De thematibus 1,27: Πραίνετος; Tab. Peut. 9,2: Pronetios; Plin. nat. 31,23: Brietium). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. K. Dörner, s. v. P. (2), RE 22, 1832-1835  Ders., Inschr. und Denkmäler in Bithynien (IstForsch 14), 1941, 37-40, 65-67, Nr. 39-42.

Hypios

(86 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
(Ὕπιος). [English version] [1] Fluß in Kleinasien ( Hyp(p)ius). Fluß, h. Melen Çayı, der den See Daphnusis (h. Efteni Gölü) zum Schwarzen Meer entwässert; der Oberlauf des H. ist mit dem Küçük Melen Çayı gleichzusetzen (anders [1]). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) [English version] [2] Gebirge in Kleinasien ( Hypius mons). Gebirge nördl. von Prusias am H. (Plin. nat. 5,148; anders [1]). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 L. Robert, A travers l'Asie Mineure, 1980, 11-106. K. Belke, Paphlagonien und Honorias, 1996, 217f.  W. Ruge, s.v. H., RE 9, 322f.

Askania Limne

(47 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Ἀσκανία λίμνη). Askanischer See, auch See von Nikaia in Bithynia (h. İznik Gölü); Name für See und umgebende Landschaft, im Westteil zu Mysia, im Ostteil zu Phrygia gerechnet (Strab. 12,4,5; Plin. nat. 5,40,8). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v.A., RE 2, 1610.

Proseilemmenitai

(90 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Προσειλημμενῖται). Bewohner der Landschaft Proseilemmene in der Grenzzone zw. Lykaonia und Galatia, urspr. Teil der Phrygia Megale, zw. Karaca Dağ, Paşa Dağı und Tuz Gölü (Tatta Limne); 25/4 v. Chr. als regio attributa (“angegliedertes Gebiet”) dem Stadtgebiet von Ankyra zugeordnet, in antoninischer Zeit (E. 2./Anf. 3. Jh. n. Chr.) als die Stadtgemeinde Kinna organisiert (Ptol. 5,4,10; [1. 56 f., 59 f.], unrichtig [2. 55, 148]). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 K. Strobel, Galatien und seine Grenzregionen, in: E. Schwertheim (Hrsg.), Forsch. …

Garsaura, Garsauira

(56 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Γαρσάουρα, Γαρσαύιρα). Hauptort der kappadokischen Strategie Garsauritis, h. Aksaray; von Archelaos [7] als Archelais (später colonia Claudia Augusta) neu gegr. (bei Strab. 12,2,6 als κωμόπολις bezeichnet). Von 325 n.Chr. bis ins 14. Jh. als Bistum belegt. Urspr. Name bleibt erh. (in seldschukischer Zeit Aqsarā). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 205f. Mitchell 1, 95f.

Dadastana

(104 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kelten (Δαδάστανα, auch Dabastana). Ort in Galatia an der Grenze zu Bithynia, ca. 20 km westl. von Nallıhan an der Straße Nikaia - Ankyra [2. 31, 106f.]; seit Augustus zu Bithynia gerechnet, seit Diocletian zur prov. Galatia I (Amm. 25,10,12) [1. 160]. Am 17.2.364 n.Chr. starb hier Kaiser Iovianus auf dem Rückmarsch vom Perserkrieg. 365 Übergang eines Korps des Usurpators Prokopios zu Valens (Amm. 25,10,12; 26,8,5). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 Mitchell 2 2 D. French, The Pilgrim's Road, 1981. Belke …

Kamulianai

(53 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Καμουλιαναί, Kamuliana). Ort an der Straße Kaisareia/Mazaka - Tavium in Kappadokien, h. evtl. Kermer. Name nicht kelt. (anders [1. 197f.]); als Wallfahrtsstätte (Christusbild, 574 n.Chr. Translatio nach Konstantinopel) zur Stadt Iustinianopolis erhoben; als Bistum von 553 bis ins 13. Jh. belegt. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 Hild/Restle. W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 1844.

Basilika Therma

(34 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Βασιλικὰ Θέρμα, Θέρμα, Θέρμαι Βασιλικαί). Stadt in Kappadokien, im Grenzbereich zu Ostgalatien, h. Sarıkaya (früher Terzili Haman). Thermalbadeort, seit 451 n.Chr. als Bistum bezeugt. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 156f.

Kybistra

(66 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ḫattusa (Κύβιστρα). Stadt in Kataonia am Ausgang der Straße von den Kilikischen Toren aus dem Tauros, später auch Herakleia gen.; h. Tont Kalesı, 13 km südöstl. von Ereğli; gehörte später zu Cappadocia II. Seit 325 n.Chr. als Bistum belegt, seit ca. 1060 Erzbistum. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE Suppl. 4, 1123  Hild/Restle, 188-190.

Mons Magaba

(77 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Bergmassiv bei Ankyra, auf das sich 189 v.Chr. Tektosages und Trokmoi vor den Römern zurückzogen; im Vorgelände Niederlage der Galatai mit ihren paphlagonischen und kappadokischen Verbündeten (Liv. 38,24-27); h. wasserreicher Gebirgsstock (Kale/Doğandere Tepe) des Elma Dağı-Massivs (unrichtig [1. 53f.]; kaum richtig der Bezug auf den mons Modiacus westl. von Ankyra bei Fest. 11). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 Mitchell 1. W. Ruge, s.v. M., RE 14, 287  K. Strobel, Die Galater 2, 1999  Belke, 207.

Peïon

(77 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Πήιον, lat. Peium; Πεῶν χωρίον/ Peṓn chōríon), Schatzburg des Deiotaros (Strab. 12,5,2; Cic. Deiot. 17). Hell. und byz. Burganlage, in einer Schleife des Siberis (Kirmir Çayı) auf steil abfallendem Felsplateau angelegt, h. Tabanoğlu Kalesi. Starke Abschnittsbefestigung, Zisterne, Spuren einer Palastanlage und eines Treppentunnels im nördl. Teil der Anlage. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 212f.  S. Mitchell, Blucium and Peium, in: AS 24, 1974, 61-74  K. Strobel, Galatica II, in: Orbis Terrarum 6, 2000 (im Druck).

Pessinus

(928 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kelten | Kleinasien | Kleinasien | Pergamon | Theater | Zenobia (Πεσσινοῦς). Stadt in Phrygia, später Teil von Galatia, Tempelstaat, mit berühmtem Heiligtum der Kybele/Mater Magna (Strab. 10,12; 12,5,3), vom hl. Flüßchen Gallos [2] durchflossen, das mit seinen Anschwemmungen das Stadtgebiet verschüttet hat; h. Ballıhisar. Das Territorium von P. umfaßte im Norden den Berg Dindymon mit seinen NO-Häng…

Arabissos

(60 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum (Ἀραβισ(σ)ός). Stadt in Kappadokia, h. Afşin (früher Yarpuz), nahe dem Zusammenfluß von 3 Quellarmen des Pyramos (Itin. Anton. 210,11). Ende des 4. Jhs. Hauptquartier der legio XII Moderatiana. Als Suffraganbistum seit 381 n. Chr. erwähnt. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. Hild, M. Restle, Kappadokien (TIB 2), 1981, 144 f.

Nyssa

(49 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Byzantion, Byzanz (Νύσσα). Altanatolischer Siedlungsplatz und Stadt in der kappadokischen Strategie Morimene (Ptol. 5,6,23), h. Büyük-/Küçükkaletepe nördl. von Harmandalı. 372 n.Chr. wurde Gregorios [2] Bischof von N. Bereits im 9. Jh. verfiel der Ort. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 246-248.

Archelais

(100 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Coloniae Stadt im südwestl. Kappadokia, h. Aksaray. Vom letzten kappadokischen König Archelaos [7] an der Stelle des altes Zentrums Garsau(i)ra (als κωμόπολις, komopolis: Strab. 12,2,6 mit 14,2,29) nach 36 v. Chr. errichtet. Von Kaiser Claudius zur Colonia Claudia Archelais erhoben, seit dem 4. Jh. n. Chr. als Kolon(e)ia bzw. civitas Colonia geführt. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography D. French, Latin Inscr. from Aksaray (Colonia Archalais in Cappadocia), in: ZPE 27, 1977, 247-249  F. Hild, M. Restle, Kapp…

Pant(e)ichion

(58 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Παντ(ε)ίχιον). Hafenort und Festung südöstl. von Kalchedon im Grenzgebiet zu Nikomedeia, h. Pendik; bereits frühgesch. besiedelt. Nach Prok. BG 3,35,4 besaß Belisarios dort ein Landgut. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F.K. Dörner, s.v. P., RE 18, 779f.  R. Janin, Constantinople Byzantine, 21964, 502  Ders., Les églises et les monastères des grands centres byzantins, 1975, 8, 52ff., 62.

Iuliupolis

(111 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Ἰουλιούπολις). Urspr. Gordiu Kome, Ort in Galatia am Übergang der Straße Nikaia - Ankyra über den Skopas (Prok. aed. 5,4). Heimat des Dynasten Kleon; dieser ging 31 v.Chr. zu Augustus über, zu dessen Ehren der Ort I. benannt und zur Stadt ausgebaut wurde (Strab. 12,8,9; Plin. nat. 5,143). Nach 25/4 v.Chr. zu Bithynia (Plin. nat. 5,149), seit Diocletianus zur Prov. Galatia, dann zur Galatia I gehörig. Zu Ehren Basileios' I. auch Basilaion (Basileon) gen. Seit Anf. 4. Jh. Bistum. Heute großenteils vom Sarıyar-Stausee überflutet. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliog…

Nazianzos

(57 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Ναζιανζός, urspr. Nadiandós). Ort in Kappadokia, später in der Prov. Cappadocia II (Hierokles, Synekdemos 700,5), h. Bekârlar, 30 km östl. von Aksaray; seit 325 n.Chr. als Bistum belegt, im 11. Jh. Metropolitansitz, im 14. Jh. als verwaist bezeichnet. 382/3 wurde Gregorios [3] hier Bischof. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 244f.  W. Ruge, s.v. N., RE 16, 2099-2101.

Galatia, Galatien

(1,513 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
I. Landschaft [English version] A. Definition Landschaft in Zentralanatolien; durch Landnahme und Staatenbildung der kelt. Tolistobogioi, Tektosages und Trokmoi unter dem ethnisch definierenden Namen G. neu gebildet, wobei die älteren Bezeichnungen der Landesteile (Phrygia, Kappadokia) verdrängt wurden. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) [English version] B. Geographie Die Stammesstaaten der G. umfaßten vor 188 v.Chr. im Norden Randzonen von Paphlagonia und dem Gebiet der Mariandynoi (Becken von Bolu und Gerede), die wald- und almenreiche Zone de…

Cappadocia

(593 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Röm. Prov. im mittleren und östl. Kleinasien mit der Hauptstadt Kaisareia [3]. Nach dem Tod Archealos' [7] I. erfolgte 17 n.Chr. die Annexion des Königreichs Kappadokia, die Q. Veranius, Legat des Germanicus, 18/19 n.Chr. durchführte (Tac. ann. 2,42,4). Die Prov. mit Auxiliargarnison wurde von einem procurator verwaltet (Tac. ann. 12,49; Cass. Dio 57,17,7); unter Cn. Domitius Corbulo (55-61 und 63-65/66) und L. Iunius Caesennius Paetus (61-63) wurde sie mit Galatia vereinigt. 70/71 wurde die Legio XII Fulminata nach Melitene verlegt (Ios. bell. Iud. 7,18…

Libyssa

(62 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Λίβυσσα, auch τὰ Βουτίου). Ort an der Nordküste des Golfs von Izmit am Fluß Libyssos (Λίβυσσος, h. Tavsançıl Deresi); in der Nähe lag das Grabmal Hannibals (Arr. FGrH 156 F 28; Plin. nat. 5,148; Tzetz. chil. 1,803ff.). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Th. Wiegand, Zur Lage des Hannibalgrabes, in: MDAI(A) 27, 1902, 321-326  W. Ruge, s.v. L./Libyssos, RE 13, 203.

Arka

(45 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Ἄρκα). Stadt in Armenia Minor, h. Akçadaǧ. Station der Straße Kaisareia-Melitene (Arcas: Itin. Anton. 211,3), colonia Arca. Als Bischofssitz seit 431 n.Chr. belegt. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F.Hild, M. Restle, Kappadokien (TIB 2), 1981, 152f.  G. Hirschfeld, s.v.A. 4, RE 2, 1118.

Kales

(41 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Κάλης). Emporion und Fluß in Bithynia im Gebiet von Herakleia [7]; h. wahrscheinlich Alaplı an der Mündung des Alaplı Çayı. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 1603  K. Belke, Paphlagonien und Honorias, 1996, 223.

Nakida

(55 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (hethit. Naḫita). Wichtige vor- und frühgesch. Siedlung und byz. Festungsstadt [1], h. Niğde; übernahm nach der Zerstörung von Tyana 833 n.Chr. die Funktion als Hauptstadt der südl. Kappadokia. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. Prayon, Kleinasien vom 12.-6. Jh.v.Chr. (TAVO Beih. B 82), s.v. N. Hild/Restle, 243f.  B. Radt, Anatolien, Bd. 1, 1993, 140-143.

Germia

(62 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Γέρμια). Stadt am Nordrand des Dindymon in der Galatia II, h. Gümüşkonak (früher Yürme; anders [1]); seit 553 als Suffraganbistum, dann als Erzbistum belegt. Eudoxias Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 M. Waelkens, Germa, Germokoloneia, G., in: Byzantion 49, 1979, 447-464. K. Belke, G. und Eudoxias, in: W. Hörandner, Byzantios. FS H. Hunger, 1984, 1-11 Belke, 166-168, 247 Mitchell II, 129.

Mokis(s)os

(73 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Μωκισ(σ)ός, auch Mokesos, Iustinianupolis). Stadt in Kappadokia, in geschützter Bergposition um 520 n.Chr. von Iustinianus I. wieder errichtet (Prok. aed. 5,4,15); h. Viranşehir, südl. von Aksaray. Noch im 14. Jh. als Metropolitansitz belegt, aber wohl E. des 7. Jh. erneut verlegt. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography A. Berger, Survey in Viranşehir (M.), in: Araştırma sonuçları toplantısı 13, 1996, 109-126; 14, 1997, 27-41; 15, 1998, 227-237  Hild/Restle, 238f.  W. Ruge, s.v. M., RE 15, 2514f.

Gorbeus, Korbeuntos

(67 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kelten (Γορβεῦς, Κορβεῦντος). Residenz des Tektosagentetrarchen Kastor d.Ä., der hier mit Gattin von seinem Schwiegervater Deiotaros ermordet wurde; dieser zerstörte die Burg und große Teile der Siedlung (Strab. 12,5,3). Später Straßenstation (Ptol. 5,4,6; Itin. Anton. 143,2; 205,9); südöstl. von Oğulbey, 29 km südl. von Ankara. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 171 K. Strobel, Die Galater 2, 1998.

Melaina Akra

(28 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Μέλαινα Ἄκρα). Bithynisches Vorgebirge östl. vom Nordausgang des Bosporos, h. Kara Burun. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. M. (2), RE 15, 387.

Aspona

(65 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kelten (Ἄσπονα, Ἄσπωνα). Grenzstadt von Galatia nördl. des Tuz Gölü, h. Sarıhüyük. Station der Pilgerstraße, im 4.Jh. n.Chr. civitas; als Suffraganbistum seit 342/343 n. Chr. belegt. Befestigter, schon prähistor. bezeugter Siedlungshügel. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography K. Belke, Galatien und Lykaonien, TIB 4, 1984, 135  S. Mitchell, Regional Epigraphic Catalogues of Asia Minor 2, 1982, 403-405.

Kappadox

(40 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] (Καππάδοξ). Nebenfluß des Halys, h. Delice Irmağı (Oberlauf Karanlık/Boğazlıyan Çayı, nordöstl. Nebenfluß Kanak Çayı); aus Nord-Kappadokia kommender Hauptfluß von Ost-Galatia. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 1919f.  K. Strobel, Die Galater, 1, 1996.

Kyzistra

(37 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Byzantion, Byzanz (Κύζιστρα). Ort und byz. Festung in der kappadokischen Strategie Kilikia (Ptol. 5,6,15), h. Zengibar Kalesı, 56 km südsüdwestl. von Kaisareia. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 219f.

Helenopolis

(62 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[English version] Ort am Ausgang des Golfs von Astakos in Bithynia, urspr. Drepanon, h. Altinova. Geburtsort der Helena [2], ihr zu Ehren von Constantinus [1] zur Stadt erhoben, von Iustinianus ausgebaut (Amm. 26,8,1; Prok. aed. 5,2). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography R. Janin, Les églises et les monastères des grands centres byzantins, 1975, 97f.  W. Ruge, s.v. Drepanon (4), RE 5, 1687.
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