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, son of the caliph ʿUmar II. In the year 126/744 ʿAbd Allāh was appointed governor of ʿIrāḳ by Yazīd III, but in a short time aroused the discontent of the Syrian chiefs in that place, who felt that they were unfavorably treated by the new governor compared with the inhabitants of ʿIrāḳ. After the accession of Marwān II, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya [ q.v.], a descendant of ʿAlī’s brother Ḏj̲aʿfar, rebelled in Kūfa in Muḥarram 127/Oct. 744, but was expelled by ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, whereupon he transferred his propaganda to other parts. When Marwān transferred to …

b. maʿrūr , a Companion of the Prophet. Among the seventy-five proselytes who appeared at the ʿAḳaba in the summer of 622 at the pilgrims’ festival to enter into alliance with the Prophet, the aged S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Barāʾ b. Maʿrūr of Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲ was one of the most important, and when Muḥammad declared he wished to make a compact with them that they should protect him as they would their wives and children, al-Barāʾ seized his hand, promised him protection in the name of all pre…

b. Abī ʿĀmir al-Anṣārī , one of the leaders of the revolution that broke out in Medīna against the caliph Yazīd I. Posthumous son of a Companion killed at Uḥud and surnamed G̲h̲asīl al-Malāʾika, ʿAbd Allāh is also known as Ibn al-G̲h̲asīl. In 62/682 he took part in the deputation sent to Damascus by the governor of Medina, ʿUt̲h̲mān b. Muḥammad, to bring about a reconciliation between the malcontents of Medina and the Umayyads. Yazīd showed special consideration for the envoys, but they, nevertheles…

b. ʿAffān , governor, son of the third caliph. His mother was called Umm ʿAmr bint Ḏj̲undab b. ʿAmr al-Dawsiyya. Abān accompanied ʿĀʾis̲h̲a at the battle of the Camel in Ḏj̲umāda I 36/Nov. 656; on the battle terminating otherwise than was expected, he was one of the first to run away. On the whole, he does not seem to have been of any political importance. The caliph ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān appointed him as governor of Madīna. He occupied this position for seven years; he was then dismissed and his place was taken by His̲h̲ām b. Ismāʿīl. Abān owes his celebrity not so ¶ much to his activity as an…

, "the sons", a denomination applied to the following: (I) The descendants of Saʿd b. Zayd Manāt b. Tamīm, with the exception of his two sons Kaʿb and ʿAmr. This tribe inhabited the sandy desert of al-Dahnāʾ. (Cf. F. Wüstenfeld, Register zu den geneal. Tabellen der arab. Stämme ). (II) The descendants born in Yaman of the Persian immigrants. For the circumstances of the Persian intervention in Yaman under Ḵh̲usraw Anūs̲h̲irwān (531-79) and the reign of Sayf b. Ḏh̲ī Yazan, as told by the Arabic authors, cf. sayf b. d̲h̲ī yazan. After the withdr…

, Muḥammad b. Ilden̄iz , Nuṣrat al-Dīn , Atābeg of Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān in the later 6th/12th century. His father Ildeñiz [ q.v.] had in course of time risen to be the real ruler in the Sald̲j̲ūḳ empire; the widow of Sultan Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l [ q.v.] was Pahlawān’s mother and Arslān b. Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l [ q.v.] his step-brother. In the fighting between Ildeñiz and the lord of Marāg̲h̲a, Ibn Aḳsunḳur al-Aḥmadīlī, Pahlawān played a prominent part [see marāg̲h̲a ]. From his father he inherited in 568/1172-3 Arrān, Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān, al-D̲j̲ibāl, Hamad̲h̲ān, Iṣfahān and…

b. Manṣūr b. Dubays b. ʿAlī b. Mazyad , Sayf al-Dawla Abu ’l-Ḥasan al-Asadī , ruler of al-Ḥilla of the Arab line of Mazyadids [see mazyad , banū ]. After the death of his father in 479/1086-7, Ṣadaḳa was recognised by the Sald̲j̲ūḳ sultan Malik S̲h̲āh as lord of the territory on the left bank of the Tigris. During the fighting between sultan Berk-yaruḳ and his brother Muḥammad, Ṣadaḳa was at first on the side of the former, but when Berkyaruḳ’s vizier, al-Aʿazz Abu ’l-Maḥāsin al-Dihistānī, demanded a large sum of money fro…

b. Abī Ṭālib , nephew of the caliph ʿAlī. ʿAbd Allāh’s father had gone over to Islam very early, and took part in the emigration of the first believers to Abyssinia, where, according to the common belief, ʿAbd Allāh was born. On his mother’s side he was a brother of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr; the mother’s name was Asmāʾ bint ʿUmays al-Ḵh̲at̲h̲ʿamiyya. After some years the father returned to Medīna taking his son with him. ʿAbd Allāh became known chiefly on account of his great generosity, and received the honorific surname of Baḥr al-Ḏj̲ūd , "the Ocean of Generosity". He…

b. al-Ḥakam , Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, son of the first Marwānid caliph by a slave mother, hence half-brother to the caliph ʿAbd al-Malik [ q.v.], Umayyad commander and governor. In 65/684-5, he was sent by his father to al-D̲j̲azīra, probably with the aim of securing Armenia once more, and in the battle of Dayr al-D̲j̲āt̲h̲alīḳ in 72/691 in which ʿAbd al-Malik defeated Muṣʿab b. al-Zubayr, he commanded the advanced guard of the Syrian army. In the following year, ʿAbd al-Malik gave him the governorship of al-D̲j̲azīra and Armen…

b. al-Ḥasan , chief of the ʿAlids. ʿAbd Allāh was treated with great favour by the caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty, and when he visited the first ʿAbbāsid caliph Abu ʿl-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ at Anbār, the latter received him with great distinction. Thence he returned to Medīna, where he soon fell under the suspicion of the successor of al-Saffāḥ, al-Manṣūr. Yet ʿAbd Allāh owed his misfortune not so much to himself as to his two sons Mụḥammad and Ibrāhīm. Al-Manṣūr began to suspect them in 136/754, when …

b. Ṭāhir D̲h̲i ’l-Yamīnayn , Abu ’l-ʿAbbās , Ṭāhirid governor of Bag̲h̲dād. Born in 209/824-5, Muḥammad in 237/851 was summoned from K̲h̲urāsān by the Caliph to Bag̲h̲dād and appointed military governor ( ṣāḥib al-s̲h̲urṭa ) in order to restore order in the chaos then prevailing. In spite of the great power of the Ṭāhirids, who ruled K̲h̲urāsān with considerable autonomy, although they nominally recognised the suzerainty of the caliph, his task was by no means a light one. After al-Mustaʿīn had ascended the…

b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh , brother of the caliphs Abu l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ and Abū Ḏj̲āʿfar al-Manṣūr. ʿAbbās helped to retake Malaṭya in 139/756, and three years later was appointed by al-Manṣūr as governor of al-Ḏj̲azīra and the neighbouring frontier district. He was dismissed in 155/772, but his name continues to figure frequently in the history of the following years, however little important his political part may have been. He especially and often distinguished himself in the wars against the Byzant…

, a Companion of the Prophet, was chief of the tribe of Aslam b. Afṣā who, together with about eighty families who were with him, accepted Islam when the Prophet halted at their settlement of al-G̲h̲amīm on his way from Mecca to Medina. (According to Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar, however, ne accepted Islam after the battle of Badr). Burayda did not join the Prophet in Medina until after the battle of Uḥud, but then he resided there and took part in all the Prophet’s campaigns. In the year 9/630 he was sent to c…

, Abū Aḥmad ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Mustanṣir , the last ʿAbbāsid caliph of Bag̲h̲dād (640-56/1247-58), born in 609/1212-13. After the death of his father in D̲j̲umādā I or II 640/November-December 1242, he was raised to the caliphal throne, but he had neither the talent nor the strength to avert the catastrophe threatening from the Mongols; he allowed himself to be guided by bad counsellors who were not agreed among themselves but working against one another. In 683/1255-6, the Mongol K̲h̲ān Hūlagū [ q.v.] demanded that the Muslim rulers should make war on the Ismāʿīlīs of Alamūt. …

b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Ṭāhir D̲h̲i ’l-Yamīnayn , last Ṭāhirid governor of K̲h̲urāsān. After the death of his father, Muḥammad received the governorship of K̲h̲urāsān (Rad̲j̲ab 248/September 862). In 250/864-5 the ʿAlid al-Ḥasan b. Zayd rebelled in Ṭabaristān, which led to a long and serious struggle [see muḥammad b. ʿabd allāh ]. When ʿAbd Allāh al-Sid̲j̲zī rebelled against Yaʿḳūb b. al-Layt̲h̲ al-Ṣaffār of Sīstān, and appealed for help to Muḥammad, who appointed him governor of al-Ṭabasayn and Ḳuhistān, Yaʿḳūb found a welcome pretext to invade K̲h̲ur…

, uncle of the caliphs Abu l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ and Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr. ʿAbd Allāh was one of the most active participants in the struggle of the ʿAbbāsids against the last Umayyad caliph, Marwān II. He was commander-in-chief in the decisive battle at the Greater Zāb, where Marwān lost his crown, and when the latter took to flight, ʿAbd Allāh pursued him, quickly captured Damascus and marched on to Palestine, whence he had the fugitive caliph pursued to Egypt. He was even more implacable than …

, Umayyad governor and general. Governor of Mecca when Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya came to the throne (60/680), he was the same year appointed governor of Medina. On Yazīd’s orders, he sent an army to Mecca to subdue the anti-Caliph ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr, and entrusted the command to a brother of the latter, ʿAmr; but ʿAmr was taken prisoner and, with his brother’s consent, flogged to death by his personal enemies. At the end of the following year, al-As̲h̲daḳ was dismissed. Later he went with the Calip…

, Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Hārūn b. al-Muʿtaṣim , ʿAbbāsid caliph. He was given the name Hārūn after his grandfather Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd; his mother was a Greek slave called Ḳarāṭīs. On the day that his father al-Muʿtaṣim bi ’llāh [ q.v.] died (18 Rabīʿ I 227/5 January 842), al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ was proclaimed his successor. Before al-Muʿtaṣim’s death, an alleged descendant of the Umayyads, named Abū Ḥarb, usually called al-Mubarḳaʿ [ q.v.] “the veiled one” from the veil that he always wore, had provoked a dangerous rising in Palestine, and Rad̲j̲āʾ b. Ayyūb al-Ḥiḍārī, whom al-Muʿta…

b. Muṭīʿ, one of the leaders of the insurrection against the caliph Yazīd I, and later governor of the opposing caliph ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubair. On account of the increasing discontent with the Umaiyad rule after the accession of Yazīd I, ʿAbd Allāh intended to leave Medina, but was persuaded by ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿOmar [q. v.] to remain in the town. When the inhabitants of Medina shortly afterwards revolted against the new caliph, they gave the goverment to ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥanẓala; with him, however, th…

, Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad b. al-Muʿtaḍid, ʿAbbāsid Caliph. While his brother al-Muḳtadir was still reigning he was proclaimed Caliph under the name al-Ḳāhir, but was deposed again in a few days. After the death of al-Muḳtadir the Amīr al-Umarāʾ Muʾnis proposed al-Muḳtadir’s son Aḥmad, afterwards the Caliph al-Rāḍī as successor; instead of him, however, al-Ḳāhir at the age of 35 was proclaimed Commander of the Faithful (end of S̲h̲awwāl 320 = Nov. 1, 932). Although he wished to be regarded as devout and j…

, Abū Mūsā, p. 481a, l. 63. The traditional statement that the court of arbitration met on Ramaḍān 37 at Dūmat al-Ḏj̲andal is undoubtedly wrong. According to Ṭabarī, i. 334017 the arbitrators were, it is true, to meet there in Ramaḍān but from the next page l. 11, it is evident that they were empowered, if they did not appear, to meet in Ad̲h̲ruḥ in the following year. The court was actually held at the latter place [cf. ad̲h̲ruḥ]; on the other hand, statements vary regarding the month in which this momentous event took place. According to Wāḳidī in Ṭabarī, i. 33605 and 34072, the meeting took pl…

al-Anṣārī, governor of al-Kūfa and Ḥimṣ. According to some Muslim authorities, al-Nuʿmān was the first anṣārī to be born after the Hid̲j̲ra. His father Bas̲h̲īr b. Saʿd [q. v.] was one of the most distinguished of the Companions of the Prophet, and his mother, ʿAmra bint Rawāḥa, was the sister of the much respected ʿAbd Allāh b. Rawāḥa [q. v.]. After the assassination of ʿOt̲h̲mān, Nuʿmān, who was devoted to him, refused to pay homage to ʿAlī. According to some stories which seem rather apocryphal, he brought …

bi ’llāh, Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, ʿAbbāsid caliph, son of al-Muʿtaḍid and a Turkish slave girl named Čiček (Arabic Ḏj̲īd̲j̲ak). In 281 (894—895) he was appointed by his father governor of al-Raiy and several towns in the neighbourhood, and five years later he was made governor of Mesopotamia and took up his quarters in al-Raḳḳa. After the death of al-Muʿtaḍid on 22nd Rabīʿ II, 289 (April 5, 902), he ascended the throne and at once won the good-will of the people by his liberality and by destroying the subterranean dungeons in the capital. He proved a b…

b. Sahl b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Sarak̲h̲sī, one of al-Maʾmūn’s governors. Like his brother, al-Faḍl b. Sahl, al-Ḥasan was originally a fire-worshipper; but the two adopted Islām. In 196 = : 811-812, when al-Maʾmūn entrusted the administration of the eastern provinces to al-Faḍl with almost unlimited power, he appointed al-Ḥasan minister of finance. After al-Amīn’s ¶ assassination in 198 = 813, he was appointed governor of Arabia and the ʿIrāḳ through his brother’s influence, while the Caliph himself stayed in Merv. But al-Ḥasan, as a Persian, was unable t…

Cf. further Caetani and Gabrieli, Onomasticon Arabicum, ii. 982. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. Muḥammad, a vizier of Muʿizz al-Dawla. He belonged to Baṣra and was born in Muḥarram 291 (= Dec. 903). In 334 (945) when Muʿizz al-Dawla was marching on Bag̲h̲dād, he sent him in advance to negotiate with the Caliph and on Ḏj̲umādā I, 27, 339 (= Nov. 950) al-Muhallabī was appointed vizier. He was given the supreme command in the war with ʿImrān b. S̲h̲āhīn [cf. muʿizz al-dawla] and had brought him into a very precarious position when he himself fell into an ambush and could only save himself with difficulty, whereupon Muʿizz al-Dawla had t…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad, an ʿAbbāsid Caliph. His father was the Caliph al-Manṣūr, his mother was called Umm Mūsā bint al-Manṣūr b. ʿAbd Allāh and belonged to the family of the old Himyarite kings. When the governor of Ḵh̲urāsān ʿAbd al-Ḏj̲abbār b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān [q. v.] rebelled, the Caliph sent his son Muḥammad al-Mahdī with an army against him; the real commander was Ḵh̲āzim b. Ḵh̲uzaima. After taking ʿAbd al-Ḏj̲abbār prisoner, al-Mahdī by his father’s orders undertook an expedition against Ṭabaristān which had to submit to him [cf. dābūya]. In 144 (761—762) he returned to the ʿ…

b. Sahl, al-Maʾmūn’s vizier. Al-Faḍl was a native of Persia and did not adopt Islām till 190 (805-806). His family had been strongly recommended to Hārūn by the Barmecides and al-Faḍl b. al-Rabī, their implacable opponent, therefore became a personal enemy of Ibn Sahl. As the former was of Arab origin, the latter was also opposed to him as the representative of the Iranian element, and just as Ibn al-Rabīʿ controlled the one brother, al-Amīn, the other, al-Maʾmūn, was simply a tool in the hands o…

, the name of three viziers: 1. Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿUbaid Allāh b. Yaḥyā b. Ḵh̲āḳān. Appointed secretary of state in 236 (850-851), ʿUbaid Allāh was raised to the vizierate by al-Mutawakkil and held this office till the latter’s assassination in 247 (861). Towards the end of the year 245 (860) he brought about the fall of Nad̲j̲āḥ b. Salama, the minister of finance; the latter was tortured to death and his property confiscated. Along with al-Fatḥ b. Ḵh̲āḳān [q. v.] ʿUbaid Allāh was the declared favourite of al-Muta…

bi ’llāh, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, an ʿAbbāsid caliph. His father was a son of the caliph al-Muʿtaṣim, his mother a slave-girl named Muk̲h̲āriḳ of Slav origin. After the death in Rabīʿ II 248 (June 862) of al-Muntaṣir the praetorians appointed his cousin Aḥmad caliph under the name al-Mustaʿīn. The choice aroused discontent in Sāmarrā and unrest broke out among those who supported al-Muʿtazz [q. v.] which was only put down after much bloodshed by the Turkish soldiers. When al-Mustaʿīn was reco…

Muʿāwiya b. ʿUbaid Allāh b. Yasār al-As̲h̲ʿarī, a vizier. Abū ʿUbaid Allāh is mentioned as early as the reign of al-Manṣūr. When the latter sent his son Muḥammed against the rebellious governor of Ḵh̲orāsān, ʿAbd al-Ḏj̲abbār b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, Abū ʿUbaid Allāh accompanied the expedition. After the accession of Muḥammed al-Mahdī, Abū ʿUbaid Allāh, whose knowledge of the ancient Arab poets was greatly praised, was appointed secretary to the caliph. He soon acquired a great name at the ʿAbbāside Court and was promoted ¶ vizier. In the long run, however, he could not escape the je…

, Abū Isḥāḳ Muḥammad b. Aḥmad [or Ibrāhīm] al-ḳarārīṭī, al-Muttaḳī’s vizier. In 323 (934—935) he is mentioned as secretary to Muḥammad b. Yāḳūt, chief of police in Bag̲h̲dād, and in S̲h̲awwāl 329 (June—July 941) the Caliph gave him the office of vizier, but after-only six weeks, in Dhu ’l-Ḳaʿda (July—Aug.) of thesame year, the Amīr al-Umarāʾ Kūrtekīn dismissed him. Some time after Kūrtekīn’s fall he received his rank again but could only hold it for 40 days. In S̲h̲awwāl 330 (June—July 942) he was again…

b. Ḵh̲āḳān, a favourite of al-Mutawakkil. Al-Fatḥ and the vizier ʿUbaid Allāh b. Yaḥyā, exercised an extraordinary influence over this cruel and frivolous Caliph, particularly in the last years of his reign. Both were ardent supporters of his second son al-Muʿtazz, and exerted all their efforts to exclude the Caliph’s eldest son, al-Muntaṣir, from the succession. The latter was publicly insulted and had to put up with all sorts of nicknames like al-Mustaʿd̲j̲il (the “premature”), al-Muntaẓir (the…

, Abū Ṭālib Rustam b. Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla, a Būyid. After the death of his father Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla [q.v.], Mad̲j̲d al-Dawla, who, according to the usual statement, was then four years of age, according to another eleven (while Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, al-Kāmil, ix. 48 says he was born in 379 [989/990] which does not agree with either of these statements) was proclaimed as successor under the regency of his mother Saiyida. In 388 (998) Ḳābūs b. Was̲h̲mgīr [q. v.] seized the two provinces of Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ān and Ṭabaristān, to which was added by the tr…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿUbaid Allāh b. Aḥmad b. al-Ḵh̲aṣīb, a vizier. After the deposition of Abu ’l-Ḳāsim al-Ḵh̲āḳānī in Ramaḍān 313 (Nov. 925) (see ibn k̲h̲āḳān, 3) al-Ḵh̲aṣībī, who at that time was secretary to the mother of the Caliph al-Muḳtadir, was appointed vizier. But as he neglected his official duties and made himself generally hated for his extortions, he was deposed on the advice of the chief of police Muʾnis in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 314 (Jan. 927) and ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā (see ibn al-d̲j̲arrāḥ, 2) appointed in his place. Till the latter could reach the capital, ʿUbaid Allāh b. M…

, Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad, the second ʿAbbāsid caliph. His mother was a Berber slave girl called Sallāma, his brother the caliph Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ [q. v.]. In the fighting against the Omaiyads he distinguished himself and took part in the siege of Wāsiṭ, which had been fortified by Ibn Hubaira [q. v.], the last important supporter of Marwān. The treacherous murder of Ibn Hubaira, to whom the two ʿAbbāsids had expressly promised a pardon, is however not out of keeping with Abū Ḏj̲aʿfa…

, Abū Ḥafṣ al-Bāhilī, an Arab general. Ḳutaiba was born in 49 (669/670). In the war against ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲ [q. v.], al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ recognised his ability and when the caliph ʿAbd al-Malik in 85 (704) had to fill the vacant governorship of Ḵh̲orāsān, he gave the post to Ḳutaiba on the advice of al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲, to whom the governors of Ḵh̲orāsān were subordinate. After his arrival in Merw, Ḳutaiba was able to make full use of his military gifts and by a series of…

, Abū Aiyūb Sulaimān al-Ḵh̲ūzī, vizier of the caliph al-Manṣūr. When the governor of Fārs Sulaimān b. Ḥabīb al-Muhallabī in the Umaiyad period had the future caliph al-Manṣūr, who was accused of embezzling state funds, flogged and intended to treat him with still greater indignity, the latter was saved by Abū Aiyūb al-Mūriyānī who was Sulaimān’s secretary. According to another story, al-Manṣūr purchased him as a young boy and sent him in ¶ some capacity to his brother, the caliph al-Saffāḥ, who was so pleased with him that he at once took him into his service and re…

b. al-Muḳallad Abu ’l-Manīʿ, Muʿtamid al-Dawla, an ʿUḳailid. After the murder of al-Muḳallad in 391 (1000/1) he was succeeded as Amīr by his eldest son, Ḳarwās̲h̲ In 392 (1001/2) the latter sent an army against al-Madāʾin, which then owed allegiance to the Būyids. The ʿUḳailids, however, had soon to retreat and when they made an alliance with the Banū Asad under Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Mazyad, Bahāʾ al-Dawla’s [q.v.] deputy, Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲, at once took the field against them and summon…

, an Umaiyad governor. In 65 (684—685) he was sent by his father, the caliph Marwān I, to Mesopotamia, and in the battle of Dair al-Ḏj̲āt̲h̲alīḳ in 72 (691) in which his brother, the caliph ʿAbd al-Malik, defeated Muṣʿab b. al-Zubair, he commanded the advanced guard of the Syrian army. In the following year ʿAbd al-Malik gave him the governorship of Mesopotamia and Armenia which carried with it the command in the war with the Byzantines. On account of climatic conditions the Arab expeditions always took place in summer. In 73 (692), the ¶ emperor Justinian II was defeated at Sebaste or …

, ʿImād al-Dīn b. Ḳasīm al-Dawla Aḳsonḳor b. ʿAbd Allāh, atābeg of al-Mawṣil and one of the most distinguished emīrs of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ period. His father Aḳsonḳor al-Ḥād̲j̲ib (“the chamberlain”), a Turkish Mamlūk in the service of Sulṭān Maliks̲h̲āh [q. v.], had received from the latter the town of Ḥalab as a fief; but when Aḳsonḳor on the death of Maliks̲h̲āh rebelled against his brother Tutus̲h̲ [q. v.], he was taken prisoner and put to death (487 = 1094) and the young Zengī, who was then only ten years…

b. al-Musaiyib, Ḥusām al-Dawla Abū Ḥassān, an ʿUḳailid. After the death in 386 (996) or 387 (997) of the ʿUḳailid emīr Abu ’l-Ḏh̲awwād Muḥammad b. al-Musaiyib [cf. bahāʾ al-dawla], a quarrel arose between his brothers, ʿAlī and al-Muḳallad, each of whom claimed power. ʿAlī was the elder; but al-Muḳallad wrote to Bahāʾ al-Dawla and promised him an annual tribute and then told his brother that Bahāʾ al-Dawla had appointed him governor of al-Mawṣil and asked ʿAlī’s help to take the town. Bahāʾ al-Dawla’s general in al-Mawṣil, Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲, ¶ took to flight and the tw…

Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Maḥmūd b. ʿImād al-Dīn Zengī, called al-Malik al-ʿĀdil, atābeg of Ḥalab and Damascus. Nūr al-Dīn was born in S̲h̲awwāl 511 (Febr. 1118) and took part ¶ under his father in the siege of Ḳalʿat Ḏj̲aʿbar where the latter was murdered in Rabīʿ II 541 (Sept. 1146). His kingdom was then divided between his two sons, Saif al-Dīn G̲h̲āzī [q. v.] who took possession of al-Mawṣil, and Nūr al-Dīn who established himself in Ḥalab. Scarely had the news of ʿImād al-Dīn’s death reached Joscelin II who lived in Tell Bās̲h̲ir…

b. al-Rabīʿ, al-Amīn’s vizier. A descendant of a Syrian slave manumitted by the Caliph Ot̲h̲mān, al-Faḍl proved himself thoroughly Arab in his attitude and constantly championed the Arab spirit in opposition to the numerous Iranian elements in the ʿAbbāsid empire. His father al-Rabīʿ b. Yūnus had played a part in history as vizier to the two Caliphs al-Manṣūr and al-Mahdī. When Hārūn on his accession gave the Barmecides preferment, al-Faḍl felt himself slighted and became filled with hatred and j…

Ẓahīr al-Dīn Abū S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusain b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibrāhīm, an ʿAbbāsid vizier. Al-Rūd̲h̲rāwarī was born in al-Ahwāz in 437 (1045—1046); his father Abū Yaʿlā al-Ḥusain, who had died just as he was about to take over the vizierate to which he had been appointed by the Caliph al-Ḳāʾim [q. v.] (460 = 1067—1068), was a native of Rūd̲h̲rāwar, a little town near Hamad̲h̲ān. He studied in Bag̲h̲dād under the direction of S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Abū Isḥāḳ al-S̲h̲īrāzī and in 471 (1078—1079) was appoi…

bi ’llāh, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿAbd Allāh, ʿ Abbāsid caliph, son of al-Muktafī and a slave-girl. After the Amīr al-Umarāʾ Tuzun had deposed the caliph al-Muttaḳī, he chose al-Mustakfī as his successor on the same day in Ṣafar 333 (Sept.-Oct. 944). The new caliph was only a tool in the hands of Tuzun and his successor Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar b. S̲h̲īrzād. Bag̲h̲dād began to suffer from a constant famine and neither food nor money could be raised for the troops. When the Būyid Aḥmad b. Abī S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʾ approached [cf. muʿizz al-dawla], the caliph had to declare himself ready to recognise the Būyids as t…

Further Bibliography: Bowen, The last Buwayhids (J. R. A. 5., 1929, p. 225—245). (K. V. Zetterstéen)

b. al-Mahdī, an ʿAbbāsid, born at the end of 162= July 779. His father was the Caliph Muḥammad al-Mahdī, his mother a negress named S̲h̲ikla. When the Caliph al-Maʾmūn, who was then in Marw, appointed the ʿAlid ʿAlī al-Riḍā successor on the end of Ramaḍān = 24th March 817, disturbances broke out among the ¶ followers of the ʿAbbāsids. At the end of Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a = July 817 they proclaimed al-Maʾmūn’s uncle, Ibrāhīm, Caliph under the name al-Mubārak (“the blessed”) and on the 5th Muḥarram 202 = 24th July 817 he publicly appeared in the mosque as ruler. His reign did not last …

Abu ’l-Ḥārit̲h̲ Arslān S̲h̲āh b. Masʿūd b. Mawdūd b. Zangī, called al-Malik al-ʿĀdil, lord of al-Mawṣil. After the death of his father [q. v.] in S̲h̲aʿbān 589 (Aug. 1193) Nūr al-Dīn succeeded him; the real ruler however in the early years of his tenure of office was the governor of the citadel, the eunuch Mud̲j̲āhid al-Dīn Ḳaimaz al-Zainī, who is described not only as a pious and learned man but as an official much concerned with the welfare of the people. He died in Rabīʿ I 595 (Jan. 1199) or, according t…

al-Ras̲h̲id, the most celebrated of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphs, born in al-Raiy in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 145 = March 763 or, according to another, in itself more probable authority, in Muḥarram 149 = February 766. His father was the Caliph Muḥammad al-Mahdī, his mother a slave named Ḵh̲aizurān, whom Mahdī set free and married in 159 = 775-776. After Hārūn ascended the throne in Rabīʿ I 170 = Sept. 786, he appointed the Barmakid Yaḥyā b. Ḵh̲ālid as vizier with unlimited power, and during the following se…

b. Ṣāliḥ b. ʿAlī, a cousin of the caliphs Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ and Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr. In Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd’s reign ʿAbd al-Malik undertook several expeditions against the Byzantines. Such campaigns took place under his command in the years 174 (790-791) and 181 (797-798), according to some authorities also in 175 (791-792), whilst others state that in the latter year not ʿAbd al-Malik himself, but his son ʿAbd al-Raḥmān held the command. Besides this he was governor of Medina for some time …

The theory, generally accepted by European historians, of the solemn transfer of the caliphate by al-Mutawakkil, the last Egyptian ʿAbbāsid, to the Ottoman Sulṭān Selīm is devoid of any foundation and has been definitely relegated to the realm of legend by Barthold ( M. I., St. Petersburg 1912, i. 203—226, 345—400; see also Becker, Barthold’s Studien fiber Kalif und Sulṭān, in Isl., vi. 250—412) It owes its dissemination to a Stambul Armenian in Swedish service, Mouradgea d’Ohsson, who published it in his Tableau général de l’Empire Othoman, Paris 1788—1824, i. 232 and 269 sq.; cf. also…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbbād b. al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbbād b. Aḥmad b. Idrīs al-Ṭālaḳānī, vizier of the two Būyids Muʾaiyid al-Dawla and Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla, born in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 326 (September 938). His father had been Rukn al-Dawla’s vizier; he himselff received the name ‘al-Ṣāḥib’ (the companion) on account of his relations with Abu ’l-Faḍl b. al-ʿAmīd [v. ibn al-ʿamīd] or Muʾaiyid al-Dawla, who appointed him his secretary. After the fall of Abu ’l-Fatḥ b. al-ʿAmīd [v. ibn al-ʿamīd] he was raised to the rank of vizier and when Muʾaiyid al-Dawla died in 373 (984) and the pow…

bi ’llāh, Abu Isḥaḳ Muḥammad, an ʿAbbāsid caliph, born in 179(795—796) or 180 (796—7), the son of Hārūn al-Rag̲h̲īd and a slave-girl named Mārida. In the reign of his brother al-Maʾmūn [q. v.] he took part in the fighting against the Byzantines in Asia Minor and received the governorship of Egypt. After the death of al-Maʾmūn in Rad̲j̲ab 218 (Aug. 833) he ascended the throne and was soon afterwards acknowledged even by his nephew al-ʿAbbās b. al-Maʾmūn [q. v.] whom the troops had proclaimed caliph a…

b. Yazīd b. Nuʿaim al-S̲h̲aibānī, a Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ī leader. He belonged to the region of al-Mawṣil, to which his family had migrated from the oasis of al-Laṣaf in the Kūfa desert, and was born in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 25 (Sept./Oct. 646) or 26 (Sept./Oct. 647). In the beginning of 76 (695) he joined Ṣāliḥ b. Musarraḥ, the leader of the Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲īs in Dārā between Naṣībīn and Mārdīn and when the latter was slain on 17th Ḏj̲umādā I (2 Sept. 695) in battle against the troops of al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ [q. v.] under al-Ḥārit̲h̲. b. ʿUmaira al-Hamdānī at the village of al-Mudabbad…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim al-Faḍl , ʿAbbāsid caliph, reigned 334-63/946-74, son of al-Muḳtadir [ q.v.] by a Ṣaḳlabī slave concubine called Mas̲h̲ʿala, brother of al-Rāḍī and of al-Muttaḳī [ q.vv.]. Al-Muṭīʿ was a bitter enemy of al-Mustakfī [ q.v.] and therefore went into hiding on the latter’s accession, and after Muʿizz al-Dawla [ q.v.] had become the real ruler, al-Muṭīʿ is said to have taken refuge with him and incited him against al-Mustakfī. After the deposition of the latter in D̲j̲umādā II or S̲h̲aʿbān 334/January or March 946) al-Muṭīʿ was recognis…

b. ʿāzib b. al-ḥārit̲h̲ al-awsī al-anṣārī , a Companion of the Prophet. He was too young to take part in the Battle of Badr, but he accompanied Muḥammad on numerous other expeditions and later took part in the wars of conquest; he brought Rayy and Ḳazwīn under Muslim dominion. He later espoused the cause of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and fought under his banner at the Battle of the Camel [see al-d̲j̲amal], at Ṣiffīn [ q.v.], and at al-Nahrawān [ q.v.]; the famous ḥadīt̲h̲ of G̲h̲adīr Ḵh̲umm [ q.v.] was related on his authority. After his retirement to Kūfa, he lost his sight towards the end…

was the ancestor of the ʿAbbāsids. According to Muslim tradition, ʿAlī was born in the year 40/661, the very same night in which the caliph ʿAlī was assassinated; but there are also other statements concerning the year of his birth. His mother was called Zurʿa bint Mis̲h̲raḥ. His grandfather al-ʿAbbās was the uncle of the Prophet, and on account of his high birth and his personal gifts ʿAlī attained to great distinction. He was looked upon as the handsomest and most pious Ḳurays̲h̲ite of his tim…

, pretender to the throne under al-Muʿtaṣim. His father, the caliph al-Maʾmūn, appointed him in 213/828-9 a governor of al-Ḏj̲azīra and the neighbouring frontier district, and he then showed great bravery in fighting the Byzantines. On the death of al-Maʾmūn in 218/833, his brother, Abū Isḥāḳ Muḥammad al-Muʿtaṣim bi-’llāh, by choice of the deceased, ascended the throne of the ʿAbbāsids. The army which al-Maʾmūn had collected against the Greeks, however, proclaimed al-ʿAbbās caliph, although he h…

b. Malik S̲h̲āh Nāṣir al-Dīn (afterwards Muʿizz al-Dīn) Abu ’l-Ḥārit̲h̲, a Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulṭān. According to the usual statement, he was born on Rad̲j̲ab 25, 479 (Nov. 5, 1086), according to some, however, two years earlier, on Rad̲j̲ab 25, 477 (Nov. 27, 1084). His muhammadan name was Aḥmad; on the name Sand̲j̲ar, see p. 148b. After the assassination of his uncle Arslān Arg̲h̲ūn [q. v.] in 490 (Dec, 1096), the young Sand̲j̲ar was appointed governor of Ḵh̲urāsān by his brother Barkiyārūḳ [q. v.]. Some time afterwards, however, the third brother, Muḥam…

b. Ṭāhir, statesman, general and poet, born about 182 (798) and died in 230 (844). ʿAbd Allāh’s father Ṭāhir b. al-Ḥusain had already rendered the caliph al-Maʾmūn great services, and ʿAbd Allāh himself soon won the good graces of the caliph not only for his father’s sake, but also on account of his personal merits. In 206 (821-822) he was appointed governor of the regions between al-Raḳḳa and Egypt, and at the same time received the supreme command in the battle against one of al-Amīn’s follower…

(Abbassides), the name of different dynasties: 1. Caliphs of Bagdad, the most celebrated dynasty of Islām, descended from the uncle of the Prophet, al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hās̲h̲im. His descendants multiplied under the first four caliphs and under the Umaiyads in the countries taken by the Arabs, and their relationship to the Prophet won them high consideration everywhere. They had many partisans, especially in Ḵh̲orāsān, the Persian province of that name being then much larger that it is now…

b. Manṣūr b. Dubais b. ʿAlī b. Mazyad, Saif al-Dawla Abu ’l-Ḥasan al-Asadī, ruler of al-Ḥilla. After the death of his father in 479 (1086/1087), Ṣadaḳa was recognised by the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulṭān as lord of the territory of Malik S̲h̲āh on the left bank of the Tigris. During the fighting between Sulṭān Barkiyārūḳ and his brother Muḥammad, Ṣadaḳa was at first on the side of the former, but when Barkiyārūḳ’s vizier, al-Aʿazz Abu ’l-Maḥāsin al-Dihistānī, demanded a large sum of money from him in 494 (1100/1101) and finally threatened him with war, Ṣadaḳa abandoned Barkiyārūḳ and had the k̲h̲uṭba rea…

bint Ṭalḥa b. ʿUbaid Allāh was a celebrated Arabian woman. She possessed to a high degree all those qualities, which amongst the Arabs were valued most in the sex. She combined a rare beauty with noble descent and a lofty, proud spirit, such as the Arabs liked in their wives. Her father was one of the most distinguished companions of Muḥammed, her mother Umm Kult̲h̲ūm was a daug̲h̲ter of Caliph Abū Bekr, and the Prophet’s favourite wife ʿAʾis̲h̲a was her aunt. No wonder that the beautiful Arabian be…

, the name of two Sāmānids. 1. Abū Muḥammad Nūḥ I b. Naṣr b. Aḥmad, called al-Amīr al-Ḥamīd, succeeded his father [see naṣr]; but the real ruler was the pious theologian Abu ’l-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Sulamī. The latter long refused to take the title of “wazīr” but finally succumbed to Nūḥ’s pressing representations, and took much less interest in the business of government than in his devotional exercises and theological studies which earned him the name of “al-Ḥākim al-S̲h̲ahīd”. There were also by this time unmi…

, literally „the sons“: 1. The descendants of Saʿd b. Zaid Manāt b. Tamīm, with the exception of his two sons Kaʿb and ʿAmr. This tribe dwelt in the sandy plain of al-Dahnāʾ. 2. The descendants of the Persian immigrants born in Yemen. Even in early times the Ethiopians, who had since long cast covetous glances towards the Arabian coast lying opposite them, had sent military expeditions against Yemen, and as their attacks were in the course of time repeated with increasing success, they at last became dangerous not only to the p…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Isḥāḳ, ʿAbbāsid Caliph. After the deposition of al-Ṭāʾīʿ, his cousin Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad was proclaimed Caliph in Ramāḍān 381 (Nov. 991) with the name al-Ḳādir. The latter was a grandson of al-Muḳtadir; his mother was a slave. During his long reign he was entirely under the influence of the amīrs ruling in Bag̲h̲dād and only once did ¶ he give evidence of having a mind of his own. This was when the Būyid Bahāʾ al-Dawla [q. v.] wished to replace the Sunnī chief ḳāḍī by a S̲h̲īʿī but his plan was frustrated by the opposition of al-Ḳā…

b. Abī Ṣufra, Abū Saʿīd al-Azdī, an Arab general. Al-Muhallab is said to have been born two years before the death of Muḥammad. In the reign of Muʿāwiya he undertook a campaign against India and raided the country between Kābul and Multān (44 = 664-665). He next distinguished himself in the expeditions of the governors of Ḵh̲urāsān against Samarḳand. Then however, he left the Umaiyads and joined the anti-Caliph ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubair who gave him the governorship of Ḵh̲urāsān. When he was just about to start for there, he was appointed commander-in-chief in the war against the Azraḳīs ¶ [q. …

bi ’llāh, Abu ’l-Muhẓaffar Yūsuf, ʿAbbāsid caliph, born on 1st Rabīʿ II 510 (Aug. 13, 1116), son of al-Muḳtafī and a Greek slave-girl named Nard̲j̲is or Ṭāʾūs. After his father’s death on 2nd Rabīʿ I 555 (March 12, 1160) al-Mustand̲j̲id succeeded him as caliph. While al-Muḳtafī was dying and hope of his recovery had been abandoned, the mother of his son Abū ʿAlī endeavoured to dispose of the future caliph who had already been selected heir-apparent in 542 (1147). After winning over several emīrs for her plot, she armed her slave-girls with daggers ¶ to murder the heir-apparent when he e…

Abu ’l-Muhẓaffar ʿAlī b. Nīhẓām al-Mulk, a vizier. Fak̲h̲r al-Mulk was the eldest son of the celebrated vizier Niẓām al-Mulk who was assassinated in Ramaḍān 485 (October 1092). After the death of Sulṭān Malik S̲h̲āh in the same year his son Barkiyāruḳ was proclaimed Sulṭān but had to defend his throne and kingdom against his rebellious uncles. Fak̲h̲r al-Mulk was then in Ḵh̲orāsān; but when he tried to go to Barkiyāruḳ to offer him his services, he was attacked by the followers of the latter’s younge…

al-Saffāḥ. Further Bibliography: Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, Paris, v. 471 sq.; vi. 51 sqq.; ix. 43, 51; do., al-Tanbīh wa ’l-Is̲h̲rāf, ed. de Goeje, B.G.A., viii. see index; Balād̲h̲urī, ed. de Goeje, passim; Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, al-Fak̲h̲rī, ed. Derenbourg, p. 202—213; Kitāb al-Ag̲h̲ānī, see Guidi, Tables alphabétiques; Amedroz, On the Meaning of the Laqab al-Saffāḥ as applied to the first Abbasid Caliph, in J. R. A. S., 1907, p. 660 sqq.; cf. also R. S. O., ii. 447. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

, Abū Saʿīd Muhẓaffar al-Dīn b. ʿAli b. Begtegīn, lord of Irbil, the most celebrated of the Begtegīnids. Kökbüri was born in Muḥarram 549 (April 1154) and was 14 when his father died. Although he was older than his brother Yūsuf, the Atābeg Mud̲j̲āhid al-Dīn Ḳaimaz succeeded in obtaining the succession of the latter to the throne under his guardianship, whereupon Kökbüri left Irbil and went first to Bag̲h̲dād and then to al-Mawṣil. Here he was welcomed by the Zangid Saif al-Dīn G̲h̲āzī b. Mawdūd, who to…

li ’llāh, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim al-Faḍl, an ʿAbbāsid caliph, son of al-Muḳtadir [q. v.], brother of al-Rāḍī and of al-Muttaḳī [q. v.]. Al-Muṭīʿ was a bitter enemy of al-Mustakfī [q. v.] and therefore went into hiding on the latter’s accession and after Muʿizz al-Dawla [q. v.] had become the real ruler, al-Muṭīʿ is said to have taken refuge with him and incited him against al-Mustakfī. After the deposition of the latter in Ḏj̲umādā II or S̲h̲aʿbān 334 (Jan. or March 946) al-Muṭīʿ was recognised as caliph. His…

b. Maʿrūr, a companion of Muḥammad. Among the seventy five proselytes who appeared at the ʿAḳaba in the summer of 622 at the pilgrims’ festival to enter into alliance with the Prophet, the aged S̲h̲aik̲h̲ al-Barāʾ b. Maʿrūr of Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲ was one of the most important and when Muḥammad declared he wished to make a compact with them that they should protect him as they would their wives and children, al-Barāʾ seized his hand, promised him protection in the name of all present and sealed the compac…

b. ʿĪsā al-ʿId̲j̲lī, usually called Abū Dulaf, a Muslim general. When in 195 (811) the Caliph al-Amīn sent an army under ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā b. Māhān against al-Maʾmūn’s general Ṭāhir b. al-Ḥusain, Abū Dulaf went with him. When Ibn Māhān had fallen, Abū Dulaf came back to the neighbourhood of Hamad̲h̲ān and, although he declined to pay homage to al-Maʾmūn, Ṭāhir left him in peace in al-Karad̲j̲. In 214 (829/830), when al-Maʾmūn came to Raiy, he sent for him. His friends advised him not to go, but he went…

b. Abī Rabāḥ, Arab jurist and traditionist. A native of Yemen he was reared in Mekka; he was of humble origin and is commonly referred to as Mawlā of the family of Abū Maisara b. Abī Ḵh̲ut̲h̲aim al-Fihrī. Among his masters ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿOmar and ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās and many others are mentioned. As Muftī in Mekka he attained extraordinary repute and was regarded as one of the most eminent authorities in jurisprudence and Muḥammadan tradition generally. Especially was he considered to be an unsur…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Buwaih, first ruler of the Buyid dynasty. With the help of his two brothers ʿImād al-Dawla in 322 (934) conquered S̲h̲īrāz and thus became ruler of Fārs where he reigned till his death. He died in S̲h̲īrāz on Ḏj̲umādā I 16, 338 (Nov. II, 949) aged 57. According to another statement (Ibn Ḵh̲allikān, ed. Wüstenfeld, N°. 491), he did not die till 339 [cf. the article būyids.] (K. V. Zetterstéen)

b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan, chief of the ʿAlides. ʿAbd Allāh was treated with great favor by the caliphs of the Umaiyad dynasty, and when he visited the first ʿAbbāside caliph Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ at Anbār, the latter received him with great distinction. Thence he returned to Medina, where he soon fell under the suspicion of the successor of al-Saffāḥ, al-Manṣūr. Yet ʿAbd Allāh owed his misfortune not so much to himself as to his two sons Muḥammed and Ibrāhīm. As early as the year 136 (754), when al-Manṣūr ¶ led the pilgrimage, the latter’s suspicions were aroused, because they did…

(also called Mustanṣir) bi ’llāh, Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar Muḥammad b. Ḏj̲aʿfar, ʿAbbāsid caliph, son of al-Mutawakkil by a Greek slave. After his father had been murdered in S̲h̲awwāl 247 (Dec. 861) by conspirators, among whom was al-Muntaṣir, the latter ascended the throne, aged 25 According to the usual statement. As a ruler he was only a tool in the hands of the vizier Aḥmad b. al-Ḵh̲aṣīb and the Turkish generals. His brothers al-Muʿtazz and al-Muʾaiyad were forced to renounce their claims to the throne and Waṣī…

b. ʿAlī, uncle of the caliphs Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ and Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr. ʿAbd Allāh was one of the most active participators in the battle of the ʿAbbāsides against the last Umaiyad caliph, Marwān II. He was commander-in-chief in the decisive battle at the Greater Zāb, where Marwān lost his crown, and when the latter took to flight, ʿAbd Allāh pursued him, soon after conquered Damascus and marched on to Palestine, whence he had the fugitive caliph pursued to Egypt. Even more im placably …

(Sukmān) b. Ortoḳ, Mūʿīn al-Dawla, lord of Ḥiṣn Kaifā. After the death of his father Ortoḳ in 484 (1091/1092) Suḳmān, jointly with his brother Īlg̲h̲āzī [q. v.] received the city of Jerusalem as a fief from the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulṭān Tutus̲h̲ b. Alp Arslān. But by S̲h̲aʿbān 489 (July-Aug. 1096) or, according to another less reliable statement, in 491 (1098), it was taken from them by the Fāṭimids. The two brothers then went first to Damascus from which Īlg̲h̲azī went to al-ʿIrāḳ and Suḳmān sought refuge i…

b. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ b. Umaiya b. ʿAbd S̲h̲ams b. ʿAbd Manāf b Ḳuṣaiy, governor of Kūfa and Medīna. At the death of Muḥammad, Saʿīd was about nine years old; his father had fallen among the unbelievers at Badr. Saʿīd was a member of one of the most prominent families of the Ḳurais̲h̲ and was especially noted for his liberality and eloquence. He was held in high respect by ʿOt̲h̲mān and when the latter had decided to establish a definite text for the Ḳorʾān, Saʿīd was nominated to the committee appointed for th…

ʿala ’llāh, Abu ’l-Faḍl Ḏj̲aʿfar b. Muḥammad, an ʿAbbāsid Caliph, born in S̲h̲awwāl 206 (Feb.-March 822), son of the caliph al-Muʾtaṣim and a slave-girl from Ḵh̲wārizm named S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ. He ascended the throne in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 232 (Aug. 847) on the death of his brother al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ. His old opponent, the vizier Ibn al-Zaiyāt, soon fell a victim to the cruelty of the new caliph and a similar fate befell the Turkish general Ītāk̲h̲, although the latter along with Waṣīf had helped him to the throne. The caliph dreaded…

b. Marwān, Umaiyad caliph. According to general report he was born in the year 26 (646-647). His father was Caliph Marwān ¶ I; his mother’s name was ʿĀʾis̲h̲a bint Muʿāwiya. As a boy of ten he was an eyewitness of the storming of the palace of ʿOt̲h̲mān, and at the age of 16 he was appointend President of the Dlwan of Medina by Caliph Muʿāwiya. Here he remained till the outbreak of the rebellion against Muʿāwiya’s son, Yazīd I, in 63 (682). When the Umaiyads were expelled by the rebels, ʿAbd al-Malik had to leave th…

b. Ḏj̲aʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib, nephew of the caliph ʿAlī. ʿAbd Allāh’s father had gone over to Islām very early, and took part in the emigration of the first believers to Abyssinia, where, according to the common belief, ʿAbd Allāh was born. On his mother’s side he was a brother of Muḥammed b. Abī Bekr; the mother’s name was Asmāʾ bint ʿUmais al-Ḵh̲at̲h̲ʿamīya. After some years the father returned to Medina taking his son with him. ʿAbd Allāh became known chiefly on account of his great generosity, and received the honorific surname of Baḥr al-Ḏj̲ūd, „the Ocean of Generosity“. He appears to h…

b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās, brother of the two first ʿAbbāsid Sulṭāns, al-Saffāḥ and al-Manṣūr, born in 82 = 701-702. His father who, according to the usual statement, died in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 125 = August 743, was the founder of the secret ʿAbbāsid propaganda and shortly before his death made over to his son Ibrähīm his right to the ʿAbbāsid imāmate. In the following year the latter sent Bukair b. Māhān [q. v.] to Marw where he informed the Ḵh̲orāsānians of Muḥammad’s death and proclai…

G̲h̲āzī, an Aiyūbid, second son of Saladin [q. v.]. Born in 568 (1172-1173) he was installed as nominal governor of Ḥalab immediately after its conquest by Saladin at the beginning of 579 (1183), but a few months later Saladin handed over the town to his brother al-ʿĀdil [q. v.]. Three years later al-Ẓāhir ¶ was definitely given Ḥalab and several other towns so that his rule extended northwards to the frontier of Armenia, eastwards as far as the Euphrates (at Manbid̲j̲) and southwards to near Ḥamāt. He therefore had the task of defending the north…

b. al-Mug̲h̲īra b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿOmar b. Mak̲h̲zūm, an opponent of Muḥammad. Little is known of his life but it is certain that he was one of the most powerful men in Mecca and one of the most ardent opponents of ¶ he Prophet. As head of the numerous and prominent family of the Mak̲h̲zūm he naturally represented the aristocratic interests in the city of Muḥammad’s birth and that he was himself very prosperous is evident from the fact that, according to traditionists, he owned a garden in Ṭāʾif which he planted for pleasure only and nev…

, a Barmakid. In the ʿAbbāsid caliphate we find Yaḥyā already prominent in the reign of al-Manṣūr, who in 158 (774—775) appointed him governor of Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān or, according to another account, Armenia. Three years later, the caliph al-Mahdī appointed him tutor to his son, the young Hārūn, and in 163 (779—780) the latter was appointed governor of the western half of the empire, i. e. of all the provinces west of the Euphrates, with the addition of Armenia and Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān, and Yaḥyā was p…

b. Abī Ḵh̲ālid al-Aḥwal, a vizier. He began his political career as a secretary and shortly after the accession of al-Maʾmūn was made vizier. He exerted soon great influence over the caliph; it was he that urged to confer the governorship of Ḵh̲orāsān in 205 (821) upon Ṭāhir b. al-Ḥusain, then governor of Bagdad. Al-Maʾmūn had already appointed G̲h̲assān b. ʿAbbād governor of that province, but when Aḥmed pointed out to him that G̲h̲assān was unequal to such a difficult task and stood security for …

b. Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, Abū Ḥafṣ al-As̲h̲ad̲j̲d̲j̲, Umaiyad caliph. He was born in Medīna in the year 63 (682—683). His father ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz [q. v.] had been for many years governor of Egypt; through his mother he was descended from ʿOmar I. She was Umm ʿĀṣim bint Āṣim b. ʿOmar b. al-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb. He spent the greater part of his life in Medīna. He was sent there by his father from Egypt to receive a fitting education in the city of the Prophet and remained there till the death of his father in 85 (704). H…

, a Muḥammadan dynasty in Diyār Bakr, founded by the Kurd chief Bād̲h̲, who had begun his career as a shepherd and then took to brigandage. With the help of a body of men similarly inclined, he seized the town of Ard̲j̲īs̲h̲ in Armenia with other strongholds on the Armenian frontier. After the death of the Būyid ʿAḍud al-Dawla (372 = 983), he invaded the province of Diyār Bakr and captured Amid, Maiyāfāriḳīn and Naṣībīn. The armies, which Samsām al-Dawla sent against him, were defeated and al-Ma…

Further Bibliography: Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, Paris, vi. 317, 320 sqq.; ix. 45, 51; do., al-Tanbīh wa ’l-Is̲h̲rāf, p. 346—349; Balād̲h̲urī, ed. de Goeje, p. 146, 168, 185, 297, 311; Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, al-Fak̲h̲rī, ed. Derenbourg, p. 291—297; Kitāb al-Ag̲h̲ānī, see Guidi, Tables alphabétiques; Gabrieli, Documenti relativi al califfato di al-Amīn in aṭ-Ṭabarī, in R.R.A.L., ser. vi., vol. iii., p. 191-220; do., La successione di Hārūn ar-Rašīd e la guerra fra al-Amīn e al-Maʾmūn, in R. S. O., xi. 341—397. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

, al-Malik al-Raḥīm Abū Naṣr b. Abī Kālīd̲j̲ār, a Būyid. After the death in Ḏj̲umādā I 440 (Oct. 1048) of Abū Kālīd̲j̲ār [q. v.] Ḵh̲usraw Fīrūz (var. Ḵh̲orra Fīrūz) was recognised as Amīr of the ʿIrāḳ while his brother Abū Manṣūr Fūlād̲h̲ Sutūn seized the town of S̲h̲īrāz. Soon afterwards Ḵh̲usraw Fīrūz sent an army under Abū Saʿd Ḵh̲usraw S̲h̲āh, who was also his brother, against S̲h̲īrāz; the town had to surrender and Abū Manṣūr was taken prisoner (S̲h̲awwāl 440 = March-April 1049) but released after…

P. 27a, l. 14. On the part which in spite of his cruelty, he played in the history of Spain as precursor of his celebrated grandson ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III, see the article umaiyads, vi. 1006 sq.— l. 51. As Seybold, G. G. A., 1920, p. 182 observes the article in al-ʿAd̲h̲ārī should be omitted; we also find (al-ʿId̲h̲ārī) “addito semper articulo”; see Gildemeister, Catalogus librorum manu scriptorum or. qui in Bibl. Acad. Bonnensi servantur, p. 13 and Brockelmann, G. A. L., i. 337. — According to Seybold, to the Bibl. should be added: Ibn al-ʿAbbār, al-Ḥulla al-siyarāʾ, in Dozy, Notices sur quelque…

b. al-Barāʾ, one of Muḥammad’s Companions. In the year 622, Bis̲h̲r took part in the second ʿAḳaba where his father, al-Barāʾ b. Maʿrūr took part. He was famous for his skill as a bowman and took part in the battles of Badr and Uḥud, the “Battle of the Ditch”, the campaign to Ḥudaibiya and the conquest of Ḵh̲aibar. After the capitulation of the Jewish population of Ḵh̲aibar in the year 7 (628), Bis̲h̲r was poisoned by a Jewess named Zainab bint al-Ḥārit̲h̲, because she had lost all her male relatives in the war and wish…

li-Amr Allāh (or li ’llāh) ʿAbd al-Karīm b. al-Faḍl, ʿAbbāsid Caliph, born in 317 (929—930). His father was the caliph al-Muṭīʿ after whose deposition on 13th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 363 (Aug. 5, 974) he was proclaimed Commander of the Faithful. His mother, who survived him, was called ʿUtb. As Ibn al-At̲h̲īr justly observes (ix. 56), al-Ṭāʾiʿ during his reign had not sufficient authority to be able to associate himself with any enterprises worthy of mention. He is only mentioned in history, one may safely say, in connection with…

, ʿOt̲h̲mān b. Īldegiz, an Atābeg of Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān. His father, the Atābeg Īldegiz [q. v.], had been the real ruler in the whole Seld̲j̲ūḳ empire. Ḳizil Arslān”s mother was the widow of Sulṭān Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l I and mother of Sulṭān Arslān b. Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l [q. v.]. When Īldegiz died in 568 (1172), he was succeeded by his son Muḥammad Pahlawān; in 570 (1174—1175) the latter besieged Marāg̲h̲a while Ḳizil Arslān advanced on Tabrīz and when the lord of these two towns, the Ḳāḍī Ṣadr al-Dīn, entered into neg…

b. Saʿd, a companion of Muḥammad. Bas̲h̲īr was born in Mecca and was one of the few Arabs of the pre-Muḥammadan period who could write. In the year 622 he took part in the second conference at ʿAḳaba and in the following years took part in several battles under Muḥammad. By command of the prophet he undertook in S̲h̲aʿbān 7 (December 629) an expedition with 30 men to Fadak against the Banū Murra. When he came upon them, his men took to flight but Bas̲h̲īr defended himself with the greatest valour…

bi ’llāh, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad (or al-Zubair) b. Ḏj̲aʿfar, an ʿAbbāsid ¶ caliph, son of al-Mutawakkil and a slave-girl named Ḳabīḥa. After al-Mustaʿīn had been forced to abdicate, al-Muʿtazz was proclaimed caliph on 4th Muḥarram 252 (Jan. 25, 866). When he wanted to get rid of the two Turkish generals Waṣīf and Bog̲h̲a the younger, they got wind of his intentions and went back to Sāmarrā. On the other hand, he succeeded in putting his brother and successor designate al-Muʾaiyad to death and throwing the third brother Abū Aḥma…