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S̲h̲āʿir

(23,851 words)

Author(s): Fahd, T. | Moreh, S. | Ben Abdesselem, A. | Reynolds, D.F. | Bruijn, J.T.P. de | Et al.
(a.), poet. ¶ 1. In the Arab world. A. Pre-Islamic and Umayyad periods. Among those endowed with knowledge and with power in ancient Arabia stands the figure of the s̲h̲āʿir , whose role is often confused with that of the ʿarrāf ( s̲h̲aʿara and ʿarafa having the same semantic value: cf. I. Goldziher, Abhandlungen , i, 3 ff.) and of the kāhin [ q.v.]. They were credited with the same source of inspiration, the d̲j̲inns (Goldziher, Die Ǧinnen der Dichter , in ZDMG, xlv [1891], 685 ff.). However, the s̲h̲āʿir was, originally, the repository of magical rather than divinatory knowledge; …

Rustam

(1,707 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J.T.P. de | Robinson, B.W.
, the principal hero of the Iranian epic, especially in the version of Firdawsī [ q.v.]. 1. In Iranian legend. Neither his name nor that of his father Zāl occur in the Avesta. In the Yas̲h̲t s, Kərəsāspa (in Persian, Kars̲h̲āsp or Gars̲h̲āsp) is the most important heroic figure. Marquait conjectured that originally “Rustam” was no more than an epithet of Kərəsāspa, which only by chance was not attested in the extant Avestan texts. The exploits later attributed to Rustam would be the result of a blend of the l…

S̲h̲ahrangīz

(2,834 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J.T.P. de | Halman, Talat Sait | Rahman, Munibur
(p.) or S̲h̲ahrās̲h̲ūb (“upsetting the town”), a genre of short love poems on young craftsmen, often related to the bazaars of specific towns. 1. In Persian In Persian literature, the genre is usually referred to under the latter name. E.J.W. Gibb’s contention that the genre was invented by the Turkish poet Mesīḥī [ q.v.] of Edirne ( HOP, ii, 232), was challenged already by E.G. Browne who, pointing to Persian specimens mentioned by the Ṣafawid anthologist Sām Mīrzā [ q.v.], concluded that “though they were probably written later than Masíḥí’s Turkish S̲h̲ahr-angíz

Muk̲h̲tārāt

(9,678 words)

Author(s): Hamori, A. | Bruijn, J.T.P. de | Kut, Günay Alpay | Haywood, J.A.
(a.), anthology, selection of poetry. 1. In Arabic. Mediaeval tradition holds that the oldest anthology of Arabic poems is the small collection of celebrated pre-Islamic ḳaṣīda s variously known as “the seven long poems”, al-Muʿallaḳāt [ q.v.], al-Sumūṭ , etc. It is probably the oldest in conception. The early ʿAbbāsid period saw the compilation of the celebrated Mufaḍḍaliyyāt [ q.v.]. Al-Aṣmaʿī’s anthology of 92 ḳaṣīdas by 71 poets (44 of them D̲j̲āhilī), the Aṣmaʿiyyāt , received relatively little attention from mediaeval writers. A comment in the Fihrist ,…

Muḥtas̲h̲am-i Kās̲h̲ānī

(875 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J.T.P. de
, S̲h̲ams al-S̲h̲uʿarāʾ Kamāl al-Dīn , Persian poet of the early Ṣafawid period, born ca. 1500 in Kās̲h̲ān. According to the most reliable sources, he died in 996/1587-8; a ¶ less likely dating of his death, given by Abū Ṭālib Iṣfahānī in K̲h̲ulāṣat al-afkār (see Storey i/2, 878), is 1000/1591-2. For some time he was a draper ( bazzāz ) like his father, but he abandoned this trade for the more profitable career of a professional poet. His work was appreciated at the Ṣafawid court at Ḳazwīn. He seems to have continued, however, to l…

ʿUbayd-I Zākānī

(909 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J.T.P. De
, or Niẓām al-Dīn ʿUbayd Allāh al-Zākānī, Persian poet of the Mongol period who became especially famous for his satires and parodies. He was born into a family of scholars and state officials descending from Arabs of the Banū Ḵh̲afād̲j̲a [ q.v.] settled in the area of Ḳazwīn since early Islamic times. In 730/1329-30 the historian Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī described him as a talented poet and a writer of learned treatises. A collection of Arabic sayings by prophets and wise men, entitled Nawādir al-amt̲h̲āl , belongs to this early period. When later in the same …

Kisāʾī

(944 words)

Author(s): Kramers, J.H. | Bruijn, J.T.P. de
, Mad̲j̲d al-Dīn Abu ’l-Ḥasan , a Persian poet of the second half of the 4th/10th century. In some later sources his kunya is given as Abū Isḥāḳ, but the form given above can be found already in an early source like the Čahār makāla . The Dumyat al-ḳaṣr by al-Bāk̲h̲arzī contains a reference to the “solitary ascetic” ( al-mud̲j̲tahid al-muḳīm bi-nafsihi ) Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Kisāʾī of Marw who might very well be identical with this poet (cf. A. Ates, giriş to his edition of Kitāb Tarcumān al-balāġa , 97 f.). The pen name Kisāʾī would, according to ʿAw…

K̲h̲argird

(860 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J.T.P. de
, or K̲h̲ard̲j̲ird, has been the name of at least two different places in northeastern Persia but is at present only current for one of them. 1. K̲h̲argird in the s̲h̲ahristān of Turbat-i Ḥaydariyya, or, more precisely, the dihistān of Rūd-i miyān K̲h̲wāf, is situated at about 6 km. to the southwest of the latter place. It is now a small settlement, the inhabitants of which live on the growing of cereals and cotton as well as on weaving. Archaeological remains point, however, to a much more prosperous past when K̲h̲argird was one of the main urban centres of the district of K̲h̲wāf [ q.v.]. Many m…

Tad̲h̲kira

(2,139 words)

Author(s): Heinrichs, W.P. | Bruijn, J.T.P. de | Stewart Robinson, J.
(a.), “memorandum” or “aidemémoire”. The word is considered a verbal noun of the form II verb d̲h̲akkara “to-remind”, but already in its nine occurrences in the Ḳurʾan it tends to mean a concrete “reminder” rather than a verbal “reminding”. 1. In Arabic literature. Tad̲h̲kira occurs not infrequentiy in the tides of books. From a closer scrutiny of these tides, two clusters of books emerge that represent two different “genres” of text presentation: (1) handbooks and (2) notebooks. It should be noted that, in most cas…

Naṣr Allāh b. Muḥammad

(444 words)

Author(s): Berthels, E. | Bruijn, J.T.P. de
b. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, Niẓām al-Dīn Abu ’l-Maʿālī, also known as Naṣr Allāh Muns̲h̲ī, a Persian author and statesman who was born at G̲h̲azna in a family which came from S̲h̲īrāz. He served as a secretary in the dīwān of the G̲h̲aznawids. Under K̲h̲usraw Malik (555-82/1160-86) he rose to the rank of a vizier but he fell into disgrace with this sultan and was executed while in prison (cf. ʿAwfī, Lubāb , i, 92 ff.). Naṣr Allāh Muns̲h̲ī’s fame rests on his version ( Tard̲j̲uma ) of the Indian mirror for princes Kalīla wa Dimna [ q.v.] into Persian prose, which was based on the Arabic of ʿAbd Allā…

Malik al-S̲h̲uʿarāʾ

(980 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J.T.P. de
(a.), “King of the Poets”, honorific title of a Persian poet laureate, which is also known in other forms. It was the highest distinction which could be given to a poet by a royal patron. Like other honorifics [see laḳab ], it confirmed the status of its holder within his profession and was regarded as a permanent addition to his name which sometimes even became a hereditary title. Corresponding to this on a lower level was the privilege, given occasionally to court poets, of choosing a pen name [see tak̲h̲alluṣ ] based on the name or one of the laḳab s of their patron. Certain responsibilities we…

K̲h̲amsa

(1,109 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J.T.P. de
, terme technique des littératures persane et turque désignant un ensemble de cinq mat̲h̲nawīs [ q.v.]; il s’applique en premier lieu aux cinq poèmes épiques de Niẓāmī [ q.v.] de Gand̲j̲a composés entre 570/1174-5 environ et 600/1203-4. Cet ensemble contient un poème didactique, le Mak̲h̲zan al-asrār sur le mètre sarīʿ-i maṭwī-yi mawḳūf, trois pièces romantiques: Laylā u Mad̲j̲nūn en hazad̲j̲-i musaddas-i maḳbūḍ-i maḥd̲h̲ūf, Ḵh̲usraw u S̲h̲īrīn en ¶ hazad̲j̲-i musaddas-i mahd̲h̲ūf et Haft Paykar en I k̲h̲afīf-i mak̲h̲būn-i maḳṣūr, et enfin l’ Iskandar-nāma en mutaḳārib-i mut̲h̲…

Labībī

(471 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J. T. P. de
, pseudonyme d’un poète persan qui vécut à la fin du IVe/Xe siècle et au début du Ve/XIe. Son nom réel et presque tous les événements de sa vie sont inconnus. Le Tard̲j̲umān al-balāg̲h̲a a conservé une élégie de Labībī sur la mort de Farrūk̲h̲ī [ q.v.], ce qui signifie que le premier était probablement encore en vie en 429/1037-8. Une ḳasīda qui lui est attribuée par ʿAwfī est adressée à un mamdūḥ du nom d’Abù l-Muẓaffar, identifié dans cette source à un frère cadet du sultan Mahmūd de G̲h̲aznā, mais il est plus vraisemblable qu’il s’agit d’un membre des Āl-i Muḥtād…

K̲h̲wāndamīr

(1,550 words)

Author(s): Beveridge, H. | Bruijn, J.T.P. de
, nom de famille de l’historien persan G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-dīn, né vers 880/1475 dans une famille de savants et de hauts fonctionnaires. Son père, Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Humām al-dīn Muḥ. b. Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Ḏj̲alāl al-dīn Muḥ. b. Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Burhān al-dīn Muḥ. S̲h̲īrāzī, fut pendant de longues années le ministre du sultan Maḥmūd b. Abī Saʿīd qui, à la fin de sa carrière politique, fut le souverain tīmūride de Samarḳand de 899 à 900/1494-5. L’historien Mīrk̲h̲wānd [ q.v.], qui était son oncle maternel, participa largement à son instruction primaire. Il est donc probable que Ḵh̲wāndamīr naquit à Herāt où de…

Rind

(803 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J.T.P. de
(p.), désigne avec une nuance de mépris un coquin, un filou, un ivrogne, un débauché. Dans la terminologie des poètes et des mystiques, il acquiert la signification plus positive de personne dont le comportement extérieur est blâmable, mais dont le cœur est sain (Steingass, s.v. d’après le Burhān-i ḳāṭiʿ). L’étymologie de rind est obscure. Ce n’est pas un emprunt à l’arabe, malgré l’existence d’un pluriel interne runūd, forme savante employée à côté du pluriel régulier persan rindān. Le nom abstrait rindī désigne la conduite spécifique d’une personne ainsi qualifiée. Les historiens …

al-Kirmānī

(1,638 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J. T. P. de
, Ḥamīd al-dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh, important dāʿī des Fāṭimides sous le règne d’al-Ḥākim bi-amr Allāh (386-411/996-1021), et auteur de nombreux ouvrages sur la théorie de l’imāmat et la philosophie ismāʿīlienne. De la vie d’al-Kirmāni, on ne connaît que les grandes lignes grâce à ce qu’il en dit dans ses propres écrits; quelques détails supplémentaires peuvent être tirés de sources ismāʿīliennes inédites, comme l’a fait notamment Muṣṭafā G̲h̲ālib (introd. à la Rāḥat al-ʿaḳl, 41 sq.) qui ne les précise cependant pas. Sa nisba indique qu’il est originaire de la province iranien…

Mahsatī

(485 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J. T. P. de
(interprétation la plus probable des consonnes mhsty pour lesquelles d’autres lectures, comme Mahistī, Mahsitī ou Mihistī, ont été proposées; voir F. Meier, 43 sqq.) poétesse persane dont la personnalité historique est difficile à saisir. Elle doit avoir vécu à une époque située entre le début du Ve/XIe siècle et le milieu du VIe/XIIe. Les sources les plus anciennes la placent dans l’entourage de Maḥmūd de G̲h̲azna ou du sultan sald̲j̲ūḳide Sand̲j̲ar ou encore d’un roi légendaire de Gand̲j̲a en Ad̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān. Le qualificatif de dabīr ou dabīra est souvent lié à son nom, mais …

Kās̲h̲īf

(308 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J.T.P. de
, Muḥammad S̲h̲arīf b. S̲h̲ams al-dīn al-S̲h̲īrāzī (vers 1001 - après 1063/1592-1653), prosateur et poète persan qui utilisa le tak̲h̲alluṣ de Kās̲h̲if (on trouve également les formes de Kās̲h̲if-i Kumayt [cf. Rosen, Manuscrits persans, 285], et S̲h̲arīfā Kās̲h̲if [cf. Tad̲h̲kira-i Naṣrābādī dans le synopsis de A. Sprenger, Catal. Oud̲h̲., 91]); il vécut à Iṣfahān et plus tard à Rayy où il exerça les fonctions de ḳāḍī pendant 15 ans. Ses frères Ismāʿīl Munṣif et Muḳīma sont également connus comme poètes. De l’œuvre de Kās̲h̲if, il ne subsiste apparemment que …

S̲h̲iʿr

(25,898 words)

Author(s): Arazi, A. | Moreh, S. | Bruijn, J.T.P. de | Çiǧdem Balim, J.A. | Haywood J.A. | Et al.
(a.), la poésie. 1. En arabe, (a) La période classique. C’est le fleuron de la culture arabe et son discours le plus authentiquement représentatif. Les idées véhiculées par la poésie et les résonances affectives qu’elle transmet lui valent, même de nos jours, où de nombreuses formes littéraires nouvelles lui font concurrence, la faveur des lettrés et des petites gens. Malgré la ressemblance phonétique, s̲h̲iʿr n’a rien à voir avec le s̲h̲īr hébraïque; le ʿayn est une consonne «dure» qui persiste dans les racines communes aux deux langues. Le terme est attesté en arab…

Muḥtas̲h̲am-i Kās̲h̲ānī

(877 words)

Author(s): Bruijn, J.T.P. de
, S̲h̲ams al-S̲h̲uʿarāʾ Kamāl al-dīn, poète persan des débuts de la période ṣafawide qui naquit vers 905/1500 à Kās̲h̲ān et, d’après les sources les plus sûres, mourut en 996/1587-8 (en 1000/1591-2, selon Abū Ṭālib al-Iṣfahānī [voir Storey, 1/2, 878], ce qui est moins vraisemblable). Il fut pendant quelque temps marchand de tissus ( bazzāz), comme son père, mais il abandonna ce métier pour embrasser la carrière plus avantageuse de poète professionnel. Son œuvre était appréciée à la cour ṣafawide à Ḳazwīn, mais il semble avoir continué à résider à …
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