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[German version] (Σπλαῦνον; Splaûnon). The location of the fortress conquered by Germanicus [2] in 9 AD (Cass. Dio 56,11-17) is debatable: near Šipovo (extended settlement from the Roman period: [1]) or farther east at Plevlje in Bosnia: [2]. Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography 1 G. Alföldy, Σπλαῦνον-S., in: Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 10, 1967, 3-18 2 J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, 1969, 74, 282.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Liburnian coastal city on the road from Aquileia [1] to Siscia (Plin. HN 3,140; Tab. Peut. 5,1 f.;  It. Ant. 273: Tharsatico), modern Trsat to the east of Rijeka. Oppidum, tribus Sergia ( duoviri, decuriones: CIL III, 3027-3029). Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography J. Šašel, s. v. Alpium Iuliarum Claustra, RE Suppl. 13, 11-14.

[German version] (Πυρετός/ Pyretós). The easternmost left-bank tributary of the Ister [2] (Danube), thus corresponding to the modern  River Prut. Herodotus, the only ancient author to mention the P., considers it the most important of the Danube's tributaries because of its enormous flow (Hdt. 4,48). Some 830 km long, it rises in the Carpathian mountains and flows across regions that in Antiquity were counted as parts of Scythia (there called Πόρατα/ Pórata; Scythae). Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography H. Treidler, s. v. P. (3), RE 24, 19-22  TIR L 35 Romula, 1969, 60.

[German version] (Ταυλάντιοι/ Taulántioi). Illyrian people, known already by Hecataeus (FGrH 1 F 99; 101; cf. Ael. NA 14,1; Str. 7,7,8; App. Ill. 16; App. B Civ. 2,39; Ptol. 3,13,3; 3,13,20; Liv. 45,26,13; Plin. HN 3,144; Mela 2,3). Galaurus, a king of the T. and an enemy of the Macedonians (Polyaenus Strat. 4,1), has been dated to as early as the end of the 7th cent. BC. At the founding of Epidamnos (Dyrrhachium) in 626/5 BC, the T. came to the aid of the colonists of Corcyra against Liburnian pir…

[German version] City in the territory of the Dalmatae (CIL XIII 6538; 14249,2: S. [1. 121]; Ptol. 2,17,9: Σαλουία/Salouía; It. Ant. 269,4: Salviae). After the Roman conquest in AD 6-9, it was in the province of Dalmatia on the Salona - Servitium road, modern Podgradina near Glamoc̆polje or Halapić (in Bosnia). Municipium from the time of Hadrianus onwards (CIL XIII 6538). Cult of Silvanus Silvestris (CIL XIII 13985; cf. [2]). Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography 1 C. Patsch, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der römischen Provinz Dalmatia, in: Wissenschaftli…

[German version] (Νόης/ Nóēs, Lat. Novas, Noas). Right hand tributary of the Ister [1], which rises in eastern Thrace (Hdt. 4,49; Val. Fl. 4,719; 6,100) and flows through the territory of the Crobyzi. Possibly identical with the modern  Osâm. Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography E. Oberhummer, s.v. Noes, RE 17, 810  D. Detschew, Die thrakischen Sprachreste, 1957, 332.

[German version] (Τραγούριον/ Tragoúrion, Trogir, Trau; also modern Trogir). City on a small island off the coast of Illyria, to the northwest of Salona. Archaeological finds (primarily ceramics) provide evidence of an Illyrian settlement, before Greek colonists from Issa settled in T. and in Epetium neighbouring to the east around the turn of the 3rd and 2nd cents. BC (Str. 7,5,5); relations between Issa and its two daughter cities were very close (Pol. 32,9,2). C. 158 BC there were attacks by the Dalmatae. In 56 BC, Caesar awarded T. the status of a civitas libera et foederata ('free and…

I. Sanctuary [German version] A. Etymology and definition The word νυμφαῖον/ nymphaîon is first attested in the 4th cent. BC, on Delos (IG XI,2,144, A l. 91). It originally designated a sanctuary of the nymphs. A nymphaeum is first attested in Itanus on Crete in the 3rd cent. BC together with a water reservoir (ILS 9458). The Latinised form nymphaeum is first found in Pomponius Mela (first half of the 1st cent. AD, Mela 2,3), for a nymph sanctuary in Chersonessus. Conversely, Plinius (HN 35,151) used the word nymphaeum to describe a well with a statue in it (Corinth). The modern t…

[German version] Fort in the territory of the Carni in Istria, near Aquileia on a bay of the Ionios Kolpos at the source of the Timavus (Plin. HN 14,60; cf. 3,127; 17,31; modern Timavo) - probably north-west of Tergeste near modern Duino or modern Prosecco, a village still known today for its dark red wine. P. lay near a rocky hill on which grew a wine famous for its healing powers; Livia [2] ascribed her great age (she lived to be 86) to her exclusive consumption of this wine (Plin. HN 14,60). Th…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Legio Military camp or Roman settlement (Plin. HN 3,142; It. Ant. 337,5: Ponte Tiluri; Tab. Peut. 6,3: Tilurio; Geogr. Rav. 4,16: Tilurion) in the hinterland of Salona on the Tilurius (modern Cetina; Nestus [2]) in the province of Dalmatia, modern Gardun (in Bosnia). The later Augustus stationed the Legio VII there in 33 BC. After AD 45 T. accommodated a number of detachments of other units (e.g. the Legio XI in Burnum), and from the second half of the 1st cent. auxiliary troops ( Ala Frontoniana, Cohors Aquitanorum, Cohors I…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Moesi, Moesia | Punic Wars (Λισσός; Lissós, Latin Lissus). City with a harbour near modern Lezhë in Albania on the left bank of the Drin, which flows into the sea through a lagoon area above the ancient city. When Diod. Sic. 15,13,4 mentions that L. was founded by Dionysius [1] I in 385 BC, he obviously confuses L. with Issa. This is proven by Albanian excavations that show a defensive position of L. not directed towards the sea but towards the land.…

[German version] Chief city of the Penestae [2] (Liv. 43,18,5). U. is thought to lie either near modern Debar (Dibër, modern Macedonia), at modern Debrce near Lychnidus or at modern Kičevo (Kërçovë). The events of the third of the Macedonian Wars (171-168 BC) affected the city in many ways (cf. Liv. 43,10; 43,18; 43,20 f. For the problems of source criticism cf. [1]). Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography 1 B. Saria, s. v. U., RE 9 A, 1075 f. F. Papazoglou, Les villes de Macédoine à l'époque romaine (BCH Suppl. 16), 1988, 46 n. 39; 75; 76 n. 17; 298.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | | Coloniae | Commerce | Limes | Moesi, Moesia | Pannonia | Pilgrimage | Rome | Rome Pannonian city with a port on the Savus to the northwest of  Singidunum, modern Sremska Mitroviča. Around S. lived the indigenous Amantini (cf. App. Ill. 63 for the period before the Roman conquest in 35 BC: "They live not in cities, πόλεις, but in fields or villages in family units, κώμας κατὰ συγγένειαν; they did not meet in assemblies and had no officials either"). Under the Flavians S. was colonia, tribus Quirina (CIL III 4991); th…

[German version] Northern tributary of the Ister (Danube), the modern Morava in Moravia (Tac. Ann. 2,63; Plin. HN 4,81). The name means ‘slow’.It should not be confused with the Máris in Hdt.4,48 or the Márisos in Str. 7,3,13. An important trade route northwards to the Mare Balticum. After the surrender of Maroboduus in AD 19, the Romans settled the Marcomanni between the M. and the Cusus under the rule of the Quadian king Vannius (Tac. 2,63). According to Plin. HN 4,81, the M. separated the Suebi and Vannius's kingdom from the Bastarnae and other Germanic tribes. Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Port in Liburnia, modern Senj in Croatia, a Roman oppidum (Plin. HN 3,140), but possibly a colonia (cf. Tac. Hist. 4,45: “colonia Sienensis”), there were Augustales [1] there. S. was a toll station “(portiorum publicum Illyrici”, CIL III 3016 f.). The officials of S. were from Italic families (Gavii, Gessii, Verridii); in the 2nd/3rd cent. AD families from eastern  provinces settled in S. (evidence of a Jew from Tiberias, a Greek from Nicomedia). Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, …

[German version] (Τριβαλλοί; Triballoí). Illyrian (App. Ill. 2 f.; Steph. Byz. s. v. Τ.) or Thracian (Str. 7,3,13; 7,5,6) tribe between the lower Margus and present-day Iskar - right side-arms of the Istrus [2] (Danube). In the 5th cent. BC, the Athenian sources mention T. who mostly had been sold to Attica as slaves by the Odrysae (Hdt. 4,49; Thuc. 2,96); Aristoph. Av. 1529-1565 emphasizes their wildness (cf. later Isoc. Or. 8,50). Isocrates (Or. 12,227 f.), however, focused on their unity which h…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Christianity | | Coloniae | Legio | Limes | Moesi, Moesia (Σινγίδουνον/ Singídounon). City where the Savus flows into the Istrus [2] (Ptol. 3,9,3; It. Ant. 132,1) with a river port, modern Belgrade in Serbia. The site was settled from the Neolithic onwards, later occupied by the Romans, after AD 86 the headquarters of the legio IV Flavia Felix. S. was situated in the province of Moesia superior, after 169 it became a municipium, 238 a colonia. Inscriptions (CIL III 1660; 6307 f.; 6452; 145341) mention ordo, duovir…

[German version] (Τίμαυον/ Tímauon). River in the border region between Histria and Venetia. It flows through karst country, in parts of which it seeps away. It moved ancient authors to astonishment with its numerous springs of abundant water (according to Verg. Aen. 1,245 nine, according to Pol. in Str. 5,1,8 seven springs). According to Plin. HN 3,128, it was connected to the Istrus [2] (Danube) (cf. the return of the Argonauts, Mart. 4,25,5 f.; 8,28,7 f.). Today, from its source at the foot of t…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Venetic | | Coloniae | Moesi, Moesia | Pannonia | Regio, regiones (Τεργέστε/ Tergéste; modern Trieste). Village settlement, later a polis or fortress, port in the territory of the Illyrian Carni to the east of Aquileia [1] (Artemidorus [3] fr. 9, GGM I, 575; Caes. B Gall. 8,24; Str.  5,1,9; 7,5,2; Vell.  Pat. 2,110,4; in Ptol. 1,15,3; 3,1,27: Τέργεστον/ Térgeston; Steph. Byz. s. v. Τέγεστρα). Roman colonia, tribus Pupinia, probably from the Roman civil war in 42/1 BC onwards (Plin. HN 3,127). Parts of …

[German version] (Ναράκου στόμα/ Narákou stóma, Latin Naracustoma). One of the delta branches of the Danube (Istrus [2]; Plin. HN 4,79; Apoll. Rhod. 4,310ff.; Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 24,1; Anon. Peripl. m. Eux. 67; Amm. Marc. 22,8,45; Solin. 13,1). Apollonius places it north of the delta branch called the Calostoma (καλὸν στόμα/ kalòn stóma), while Arrian and the anonymous source put it to the south; Pliny, Ammianus and Solinus, like Apollonius, locate the N. between the Calostoma and the Peuce. The N. today corresponds to the river branch known as I…