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The Franks were originally a confederation of pagan German-speaking tribes living across the Rhine valley. In the late 5th century CE, they established a kingdom in former Roman Gaul, under the leadership of the Merovingian clan. The rule of the Merovingians, either united in a single or under multiple kingdoms, lasted until the 8th century CE, when they were replaced by the Carolingian clan. After the baptism of King Clovis I in 508 CE, the beginnings of a more cohesive and widespread co…

Dalmatia was a province of the Roman and early Byzantine empires, located on the eastern Adriatic coast and its deeper hinterland. It roughly comprised central and southern parts of modern-day Croatia, the whole of Herzegovina, and Bosnia except for the most northern parts. The territory of modern Albania, western Serbia, and Montenegro initially belonged to Dalmatia, until the Diocletian’s reforms in 297 CE. After that, only the western parts of Montenegro remained within this province. …