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Pietism
(6,563 words)
[German Version]
I. Church History
1. Germany and Europe
a. Definition. Pietism was a religious revival movement in late 17th- and 18th-century Protestantism (I, 1), alongside Anglo-Saxon Puritanism (Puritans) the most significant post-Reformation religious movement. Emerging within both the Lutheran and the Reformed churches, Pietism broke with orthodox Protestantism regulated by the authorities, which it perceived as a moribund Christianity of habit, pressed for an individualized and spiritualized rel…
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Religion Past and Present
Syria
(8,420 words)
[German Version]
I. Geography Greek Συρία/
Syría is an abbreviated form of ’Ασσυρία/
Assyría (“Assyria”); Greek and Latin manuscripts often use the two terms indiscriminately. Initially
Syría, corresponding to the Persian satrapy of ʿEbar-naharā, denoted the region between Egypt and Asia Minor, including the area east of the Euphrates, which was called Mesopotamia after Alexander’s campaign. After the time of the Seleucids, Syria, with the Euphrates now marking its eastern border, was divided into northern
Syria Coele and southern
Syria Phoenice (Phoenicia), bordering on Pa…
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Religion Past and Present
Synkretismus
(4,646 words)
[English Version]
I. Zum Begriff Das Wort »S.« in seiner weitesten Bedeutung bez. jede Verbindung oder Mischung verschiedener kultureller Phänomene. Diese Verwendung erklärt sich aus der scheinbar naheliegenden, falschen Etym.: »S.« ist meistens von dem griech. Verbum συn̆κερα´n̆n̆υμι/synkeránnymi, »mischen«, abgeleitet worden. Tatsächlich handelt es sich aber um eine Wortschöpfung Plutarchs (mor. 490b), der das Verhalten der Kreter, die sich gegenüber äußeren Feinden zusammenschließen, als »synkretismos« bez. Durch Erasmus von Ro…
Syncretism
(5,112 words)
[German Version]
I. Terminology The word
syncretism in its broadest sense denotes any blend or combination of diverse cultural phenomena. This usage derives from an apparently reasonable but false etymology:
syncretism is commonly derived from the Greek verb συνκεράννυμι/
synkeránnymi, “mix.” In fact, however, it is a neologism coined by Plutarch (
Mor. 490b), who called the way Cretans came together in the face of external enemies
synkretismos. Erasmus of Rotterdam than borrowed the term and introduced it into the language of Christian theology. In theology th…
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Religion Past and Present
Mission
(13,709 words)
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Christianity – III. Judaism – IV. Buddhism – V. Islam
I. Religious Studies
1. Overview. Mission is not a fundamentally universal phenomenon in the history of religions; neither is every form in which religion is passed on
eo ipso mission. “Primary,” tribal religions are not missionary religions. Their domain is coterminous with their society and its way of life; they are handed down from one generation to the next in the course of natural life. The question of truth does not arise. An indivi…
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Religion Past and Present
Heresy
(7,453 words)
[German Version] I. Philosophy and Religious Studies – II. Christianity – III. Practical Theology – IV. Church Law – V. Judaism – VI. Islam
I. Philosophy and Religious Studies The word “heresy” derives from Gk αἵρεσις/
haíresis (“act of choice,” “decision”). In the Hellenistic period, when a plurality of philosophical schools had developed, the word was used to express the need of budding philosophers to choose between these schools. Hence it came to be used to denote both a philosophical school and the school's teaching; in…
Source:
Religion Past and Present