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Your search for 'dc_creator:( "Hirschfelder, Gunther" ) OR dc_contributor:( "Hirschfelder, Gunther" )' returned 4 results. Modify search
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Drinking water
(1,109 words)
1. IntroductionDrinking water is the cleanest possible fresh water, suitable for human consumption. As yet, the state of scholarship on drinking water in the early modern period is unsatisfactory. Drinking water is the sole basic constant of human nutrition (Food), and in spite of what is surmised about high alcohol consumption, it was the most important drink in early modern Europe [6]; [9]. It did, however, have an ambivalent status. Water competed with higher-status beverages, both alcoholic, especially beer and wine, and, from the 17th century in…
Date:
2019-10-14
Meat consumption
(967 words)
Meat consumption is an important indicator of the wealth and standard of living of pre-industrial societies because of meat's particular function as a source of protein and energy. Contemporaries already understood this, and historical research has reflected it. Because of the generally precarious nutritional situation in early modern Europe, meat was highly valued everywhere. Although the long-distance trade in livestock for slaughter (especially oxen), meat, and meat products was of subordinat…
Date:
2019-10-14
Vegetable
(1,956 words)
1. NutritionThe word
vegetable originally meant any plant; today it denotes plants (usually annuals) parts of which are eaten raw or cooked in particular ways to serve as human food. The fruit of perennial plants (fruit, nuts) and the seeds of cereal grains are not called vegetables. Despite their fundamental importance for human nutrition even in the early modern period, little systematic study has been devoted to them, largely because in both rural and urban areas vegetables have been pro…
Date:
2023-11-14
Bread
(927 words)
Bread was by far the most important foodstuff in early modern Europe. In the German-speaking countries, it accounted for approximately 50-75 % of calorie consumption in the overall diet during the 16th-18th centuries. Its importance increased from the 16th century, for the following reasons: falling meat consumption, expansion of grain cultivation, population growth, and increasing use of bread instead of porridge dishes and soups. Up to 50% of living expenditure had to be spent on bread, though…
Date:
2019-10-14
