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Qin Dynasty
(767 words)
With the founding of the Qin dynasty a centrally administered empire which was to exist for more than two millennia, until 1911, replaced the plurality of states of the Eastern Zhou. In 221 BCE the last rival in the power struggles between the states, the State of Qu, had been conquered by the Qin. Its ruler, King Zheng (259 - 210 BCE; reign: 247 - 210 BCE) took the title of
huangdi, the conventionally used appellation for "emperor," and had himself proclaimed the "first emperor of the Qin" (Qin Shihuang). The reasons for the successful unification of the empire th…
Source:
Brill’s Encyclopedia of China
Periods of Division
(1,026 words)
The Chinese unitary state as the embodiment of a cosmologically founded order was a political ideal which, in principle, was not questioned during the period between the foundation of the empire by the Qin dynasty and the end of the imperial era. Nonetheless, the empire repeatedly fell apart during times of weak central power, strong centrifugal forces, and/or foreign attacks. The first division occurred directly after the demise of the Han dynasty, when three independent kingdoms were able to e…
Source:
Brill’s Encyclopedia of China
Han Dynasty
(969 words)
It was with the establishment of the Han dynasty that a man of peasant origin ascended the imperial throne for the first time ever. In the civil war following the demise of the Qin dynasty, Liu Bang (posthumous honorary name: Han Gaodi, reigned 206-195 BCE) had defeated his rival Xiang Yu (232-202 BCE), a descendant of the old aristocracy. The lacking legitimacy of Liu Bang's reign, as well as the potential for resistance against the imperial centralism introduced by the Qin, determined the prag…
Source:
Brill’s Encyclopedia of China
Chu Hsi
(177 words)
[German Version] (Zhu Xi; Oct 18, 1130, Youxi, Fujian province – Apr 23, 1200, Jianyang, Fujian province), Chinese philosopher and the most important representative of neo-Confucianism (I, 4). Although he passed the civil service examination as a young man (
jinshi 1148), Chu devoted himself mostly to independent studies. The major concept in his philosophy, a synthesis of ideas from his neo-Confucian predecessors and Taoist and Buddhist influences, is the metaphysically-based unity of all being through a transcendent principle of order (
li) which is simultaneously im…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Taiping
(1,345 words)
[German Version]
I. Taoism Taiping signifies “Great Peace,” “General Prosperity,” and “Universal Harmony.” The
Book of Universal Harmony (
Taiping Jing) reflects the ideology of the militarily organized Taiping movement (2nd cent. ce) under the leadership of the self-appointed “generals” Zhang ¶ Jue (or Zhang Jiao; d. 184) and his two brothers. The deified Lao Tsu (Taishang Laojun) is said to have revealed the original title
Taiping qingling shu to a certain Gan (or Yu) Ji in Shandong (Langye). The wars of the late Han Dynasty, the hardships suffered by the popu…
Source:
Religion Past and Present