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[English version] (Σίφνος). Westliche Insel der Kykladen (89 km2; Strab. 10,5,3; Ptol. 3,15,30; Plin. nat. 4,66; 36,159), bis 696 m ansteigend (Prophitis Elias), bes. im Süden und Westen buchtenreich; reich an Schiefer und Marmor, Vorkommen von Gold, Silber, Eisen, Blei; h. ebenfalls S. Poetische Beinamen: Merópē bzw. Meropía und Acis (Steph. Byz. s. v. Σ.; Plin. nat. 4,42). Ab dem 3. Jt. v. Chr. Siedlungsspuren; Silber und Bleiglanz wurden in frühkykladischer Zeit abgebaut (frühkyklad. Siedlung südl. von Apollonia, in myk. und erneut in geo…

[English version] (Σῦρος). Buchtenreiche Insel der Kykladen (86 km2, bis 432 m ansteigend; Skyl. 58; Strab. 10,5,3; 8; Mela 2,111; Plin. nat. 4,67; Ptol. 3,15,30), h. ebenfalls S. Die Insel war schon im 3. Jt. v. Chr. besiedelt (frühkykladische Nekropole an der NO-Küste beim h. Chalandriani, Siedlung mit Befestigungsmauer am Hügel Kastri). Um 1000 v. Chr. wurde sie von Iones aus Attika kolonisiert (schol. Dion. Per. 525). Hom. Od. 15,412 kennt zwei Städte auf S., von denen wohl die ältere im SW an der …

[English version] [1] Insel (Τῆλος). Insel im NW von Rhodos mit tief eingeschnittenen Buchten, 16 km L, bis 9 km Br, 63 km2 Fläche, bis 651 m H ansteigend, überwiegend aus Schiefer und Kalksteinformationen, dazwischen weite Tufftäler; urspr. Agathussa (Hesych. s. v. Ἀγάθουσσα, Steph. Byz. s. v. T.), h. T. Besiedelt im 3. Jt. v. Chr. (Siedlungsreste bei Kastello nahe Livadia im Süden) und in minoischer Zeit (17./16. Jh. v. Chr., bei Megalo Chorion im Norden). Um 1000 v. Chr. von Dorieis besiedelt, im 7. Jh. polit. …

[English version] (Σαρωνικὸς κόλπος, auch πέλαγος, πόντος, πόρος; auch κόλπος Αργείας, Ptol. 3,16,12, oder Σαλαμινιακὸν πέλαγος, Strab. 8,2,2), h. “Saronischer Golf”. Nach Saron, dem myth. König von Troizen, benannter, insgesamt flacher Golf des Aigaion Pelagos (Ägäis; Paus. 2,30,7; 2,32,10, vgl. 2,34,2; Strab. 2,5,21), zw. Attika im NO, der Argolis im SW und dem Isthmos von Korinthos im NW, der sich mit vielen Inseln (u. a. Aigina, Salamis, Kalaureia) zw. den Kaps Skyllaion (Argolis) und Sunion (Attika) zum Myrtoon pelagos nach Osten öffnet. Külzer, Andreas Bibliography Philip…

[English version] (Σίκινος). Insel der südl. Kykladen (39 km2; Skyl. 48; Strab. 10,5,1; Ptol. 3,15,31), bis 552 m ansteigend (Hagios Mamas), reich an Marmor und Schiefer; ohne sichere Naturhäfen, h. ebenfalls S. Der dichterische Beiname Oinóē (Apoll. Rhod. 1,620; Plin. nat. 4,69; Steph. Byz. s. v. Σ.) deutet auf Weinanbau. Schon im 3. Jt. v. Chr. bewohnt (frühkyklad. Keramik), in histor. Zeit ionisch besiedelt. Im 5. Jh. v. Chr. unterwarf sich S. wohl den Persern (Hdt. 8,46). S. war Mitglied im Attisch-Delischen Seebund, seit 3…

[English Version] . Urspr. griech. abgefaßte Sendschreiben des Bf. von Alexandrien zur zeitlichen Fixierung des Ostertermines, oft, aber nicht ausschließlich, an die ihm unterstehenden Bischöfe und Gemeinden in Ägypten gerichtet. Erster Vf. für diesen Empfängerkreis ist Dionysius von Alexandrien (247/48), jedoch schrieb schon Demetrius von Alexandrien O. an die Bf. von Rom, Antiochien und Jerusalem. Die Tradition der zumeist frgm. und in zahlreichen Sprachen (arab., armenisch, kopt., lat., syr.) ü…

[German Version] Epistles of the bishop of Alexandria, originally composed in Greek, on fixing the date of Easter, often, but not exclusively, addressed to the bishops and congregations in Egypt subject to him. The first author for this circle of recipients was Dionysius of Alexandria (247/48), although Demetrius of Alexandria had already written Easter epistles to the bishop…

(Φάναι; Phánai). [German version] [1] Southern tip of the island of Chios The c. 300 m high southern tip of the island of Chios (Thuc. 8,24,3; Str. 14,1,35; Steph. Byz. s.v. Φ.; Liv. 44,28,7; Ptol. 5,2,19), modern Akron Masticho. Külzer, Andreas (Vienna) [German version] [2] Port on the southwestern coast of Chios Port on the southwestern coast of Chios about 10 km from P. [1] (Str. 14,1,35), modern Káto Phana. Area famous for viticulture (Verg. G. 2,98 and Serv. Georg. z.St.); palm grove (Str. l.c.). In the bay of P. great fleets were harboured…

[German version] (Σύμη/ Sýmē). Island (58 km2, up to 617 m elevation, barren limestone) with many bays, surrounded by islets, off the Carian coast, 24 km to the north of Rhodes (Hom. Il. 2,671 ff.; Hdt. 1,174; Str. 14,2,14; Diod. Sic. 5,53; Ptol. 5,2,32; Plin. HN 5,133), today again called S. Few traces of prehistoric and Mycenaean settlement, settled by Cares and in c. 1000 BC by Dorieis. The polis of S. was at modern S. on the Bay of Aegialus in the northeast (remains of city wall and harbour, Athena sanctuary). From 434/3 BC on, S. was a member of t…

[German version] (Νίσυρος/ Nísyros). Island west of Cnidus, belonging to the Dodecanese. Around 35 km2 and pentagonal in shape, between Cos, Telos and the western tip of the Reşadiye peninsula. Volcanic rocks, hot springs (Str. 10,5,16); the collapsed main crater is 692 m high. N. was dedicated to Poseidon. The settlements of Argus (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἄργος/Á rgos), Gigantea and Hypaton (Γιγαντεα/ Gigantea and Υπατον/ Hypaton, IG XII 3,92,2f.), attested in literary sources, cannot be located archaeologically, but the eponymous main settlement of N. has been f…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League | Athenian League (Second) (Οἴνη/ Oínē, ethnikon Οἰναῖος/ Oinaîos; in literature also Οἰνόη/ Oinóē, Ath 1,30d; Steph. Byz. s.v. Οἰνόη, Str. 14,1,9). Main town on the island of Icarus [2], on its north coast, 2 km west of modern Evdilos. Cult site of Dionysus and Artemis Tauropolis (chief cult). Numerous inscriptions [1]. O. was a member of the Delian League, paying a tribute of between 4000 and 8000 drachmai (ATL 1, 360f.; 528; 2, 86f.; 3, 190; …

[German version] (Ποιήεσσα/ Poiḗessa, Ποιᾶσσα/ Poiâssa, Ποιῆσσα/ Poiêssa). City in the southwest of Ceos [1] at modern Pisses. An acropolis and remains of walls lie on a steep cape. In the area early Cycladic pottery  (3rd millennium BC) has been found. Few remains survive (foundations, columns). Temples to Apollo Smintheus and  Athena Nedousia are recorded in Str. 10,5,6. To the northeast of P. a mighty Hellenistic watchtower has been found. In the Hellenistic Period P. was incorporated into the polis…

[German version] (Σκίαθος/ Skíathos). Westernmost of the northern Sporades (45 km2, length 11 km, maximum elevation 435 m; Hdt. 7,176,1; 179; 183,1 f.; 8,7,1; 92,1; Scyl. 58; Scymn. 580 ff.; Mela 2,106; Plin. HN 4,72; Ptol. 3,13,47), today also S. The island was settled in the 8th cent. BC by settlers from Chalcis [1]; Palaesciathos was laid out at that time (not located, recorded until the 5th/4th cent. BC). In the 6th/5th cents. BC, the polis of S. was founded on the east coast with a strategically imp…

A. IntroductionThe capture of Constantinople (8.10.) by the knights of the Fourth Crusade in April 1204 was an epoch-making event in the history of the eastern Mediterranean in several respects. A new Latin Empire, the Imperium Romaniae, took the place of the Byzantine Empire on the Bosporus, occupying it for 57 years or two generations [14]. The maritime Republic of Venice consolidated and strengthened its position as a leading political and commercial power in the region. The encounter between Byzantine and Western traditions, especially in southern Greece and the Aegean…

[German version] (Πεπάρεθος; Pepárethos). Island of the Cyclades (today counted among the northern Sporades) off the Thessalian coast (96 km2, 20 km long, up to 8 km wide; Str. 2,5,21; Ptol. 3,12,44; Plin. HN 4,72), with a main town of the same name, modern Skopelos. The central range of hills, Megalovuno, with the Hypselon (688 m), runs from north west to south east. Along the west coast there are cliffs and numerous islets. According to mythology, P. was settled by the Cretans (Diod. 5,79,2; Scymn. 579ff.); the…

[German version] (Σίφνος; Síphnos). Island in the western Cyclades (89 km2; Str. 10,5,3; Ptol. 3,15,30; Plin. HN 4,66; 36,159), rising to 696 m (Prophitis Elias), with many bays especially in the south and west; rich in slate and marble, it also produced gold, silver, iron and lead; still known as S. today. Poetic epithets: Merópē or Meropía and Acis (Steph. Byz. s. v. Σ.; Plin. HN 4,42). Traces of settlement from the 3rd millennium onwards; silver and galenite were mined in the early Cycladic period (early Cycladic settlement south of Apollonia, for…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta (Σκάνδεια/ Skándeia). Port settlement, 10 stadia to the east of the city of Cythera (Paus. 3,23,1) in the southeast of the island of Cythera, modern Kastri on the bay of Avlemonas. Settlement from the Early Helladic on; first mentioned in Hom. Il. 10,268. On a steep rock above S., there was an acropolis with a temple of Aphrodite Ourania. In 424 BC the Athenians conquered S., which had been occupied by the Spartans shortly before (Thuc. 4,…

[German version] [1] Island (Τῆλος/ Têlos). Island to the northwest of Rhodes with deeply incised bays, 16 km in length, up to 9 km in width, 63 km2 in area, rising to 651 m in height, predominantly of slate and limestone formations with broad tuff valleys in between; originally named Agathoussa (Hesych. s. v. Ἀγάθουσσα, Steph. Byz. s. v. T.). Settled in the 3rd millennium BC (settlement remains at Kastello near Livadia in the south) and in the Minoan period (17th/16th cent. BC, at Megalo Chorio in the north). Settled c. 1000 BC by the Dorieis, in the 7th cent. BC linked polit…

[German version] (Φολέγανδρος; Pholégandros). Island in the southern Cyclades (33 km2, 19 km long, up to 4 km wide) to the southeast of Melos (Strab. 10,5,1; 5,3; Plin. HN 4,68; Ptol. 3,15,31), named after a son of Minos (Steph. Byz. s.v. Φ.), today once again called P.; its highest elevation is Hagios Eleutherios (411 m). P. was settled as early as the Cretan-Mycenaean Period, later it was Doric. P. was a member of the Delian League (tribute 1000 drachmai: ATL 1,434f.; 2,83). The ancient city of P. was above modern P. on the southeastern coast (graves, marble spolia and walls from the …

[German version] (Νέα/ Néa, Νέαι/ Néai). Small island between Lemnos and the Hellespontus (Plin. HN 2,202), considered part of the Thermaios Kolpos in Plin. HN 4,72 and of Thracia in Anth. Pal. 15,25,25; probably not the same as the Byzantine N., modern Hagios Eustratios (30 km southeast of Lemnos), but rather submerged, apart from the meagre remains of the rocky reef of Charos east of Lemnos. Sacred to Athena. According to  Steph. Byz. s.v. Νέαι, Philoctetes was bitten by the serpent here (but acc. Paus. 8,33,4 on the submerged Chryse). Külzer, Andreas (Vienna) Bibliography J. Koder, Ai…