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[German Version] (Aug 9, 1893, Hergiswyl, Switzerland – Aug 26, 1942, Schloß Hartheim concentration camp, Austria), Protestant clergyman. After studying in Marburg and Berlin (F. Siegmund-Schultze), he served his pastoral internship in Göttingen and Dannenberg. In 1922 he was appointed associate pastor at the women’s school in Himmelsthür outside Hildesheim. From 1925 to 1936 he served as pastor and director of the Thuringian h…

[German Version] 1. Ludwig (Apr 2, 1846, Schwelm – J…

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[German Version] (Lollo; Jun 25, 1899, Ingolstadt, Germany – Jul 24, 1975, Riehen near Basel, Switzerland), collaborated with K. Barth and lived with him and his family from 1929 to 1966. At first, Kirschbaum was a theologically interested Red Cross nurse, company welfare worker, and secretary. She belonged to the circle around G. Merz in Munich, who introduced her to theology and then, after 1924/ 1925, to Barth's circle of friends. She accompanied Barth's theological development as an independen…

[German Version] (May 10, 1903, Elsfleth, Wesermarsch – Feb 18, 1986, Bremen) studied theology from 1925 (principally in Marburg). Kloppenburg became pastor in Rüstringen in 1932, chairman of the Pastors Emergency League and leading member of the Confessing Church in Oldenburg (1937–1945), and a member of the Synod of Barmen in 1934 (The Barmen Declaration: I). Removed from office on Dec 1, 1937, Kloppenburg became liaison person for the Confessing Church after rehabilitation. A member of the High…

[German Version] (Aug 2, 1902, Prague – Sep 11, 1971, Garmisch-Partenkirchen) received hi…

[German Version] (Jul 28, 1868…

[German Version] (Sep 28, 1896, La Neuveville, canton of Bern – Oct 30, 1968, Bern). After studying Protestant theolo…

[German Version] (Jan 7, 1903, Berlin – Mar 13, 1988, Königstein im Taunus) began his studies of Protestant theology in 1922 in Berlin (Neuwerkkreis study group associated with G.K. Dehn), Tübingen, and Göttingen (K. Barth). After his examinations in Berlin in 1926, he and Peter Barth edited the …

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[German Version] The historical roots of the Stuttgart Confession of Guilt issued by the council of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) on Oct 18/19, 1945, go back to the period following World War I. The declaration itself, as a confession of guilt, left the sheltered sphere of academic theological reflection in order to make a new beginning for the Evangelical Church in Germany (I) after 1945. Its aim was to address the meaning of supra-individual involvement in guilt in such a way that ever…

[German Version] I. Terminology The word socialism can denote a theoretical school of thought, a political movement (Parties), and a way of organizing the state and society. As a theoretical school, modern (as distinct from premodern) socialism emerged in the 19th century as a response to the unreasonable demands of dynamically expanding capitalistic control of the means of production (Capitalism). All conceptions of socialism share rejection of the individualistic profit principle based on a private …

[German Version] (Feb 7, 1872,…

[German Version] I. Europe European Religious Socialists share the general view that the core statements of Christian faith and ethics have structural affinities to socialism and its politics, and that combining them should bring about the dismantling of old forms of social order and the construction of new ones, appropriate to human needs. Religious Socialists differ in their conceptual parameters, in the significance of this affinity, and in the development of praxis models. 1. Religious Socialism is rooted in biblical social norms, Christian traditions of the Middl…