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Interdictum

(783 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] A command of the  praetor or provincial governor based on his   imperium (e.g. Iulianus, Dig. 43,8,7) for the purpose of quickly ending disputes, especially over   possessio (possession) and quasi possessio (Gai. Inst. 4,139). It always touched upon public interests. First signs of interdicta are found in Plautus (Stich. 696; 748-750; Asin. 504-509), Terence (Eun. 319f.) and the lex Agraria of 111 BC (l. 18); Cic. De or. 1,10,41 alludes to it. Interdicta are partly orders, e.g. exhibeas (upon presentation) or restituas (upon restitution), hence interdicta exhibitor…

Mancipium

(290 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] (originally mancupium) initially denotes the Roman legal transaction later called mancipatio . Mancipium is one of those ‘ancient Roman legal terms of transparent clarity’ [2]; it appears to denote an act of taking something by hand. It is thus interpreted in ancient etymology (Varro, Ling. 6,85; Gai. Inst. 1,121). But another interpretation is more probable: just as aucupium (bird-trapping) derives from auceps, so mancupium derives from manceps; auceps denotes the bird-trapper ( avem capiens), manceps one who grasps domestic power ( manum capiens) rather than …

Fin­is

(356 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] Border, particularly between properties (e.g. Celsius, Dig. 41,2,18,2). The boundary stone (  terminus ) was sacred; anyone who ploughed it out of the ground was cursed ( sacer; Paul Fest. 505,20f. L.) together with the team of oxen, according to a regulation ascribed to  Numa Pompilius. The fields were separated by a 5 feet wide ridge that according to the Twelve Tablets (tab. VII 4) could not be acquired (see   usucapio ) (Cic. Leg. 1,12,55f.). The border adjustment suit ( actio finium regundorum) was an actio in personam (personal suit) and yet it was pro vindicatione r…

Rei vindicatio

(691 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] ('laying claim to a thing', still ' Vindikation' in modern German legal usage). Originally the (ritual) laying of a staff on an object or a slave; in Roman law of the Principate, the claim of a Quiritarian owner (i.e. one in possession of Roman citizenship), not in possession, against the possessor for establishment of ownership, relinquishment and, where called for, pecuniary compensation. The RV superseded the ancient sacramental action in rem ( legis actio sacramento in rem) with its solemn rituals before the president of the court (king, consul, praet…

Precarium

(310 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] ('that which is requested'). The grant of an item until revoked (“... quod precibus petenti conceditur tamdiu, quamdiu is qui concessit patitur”, Ulp. Dig. 43,26,1 pr.) in Roman law. The origin of precarium was the loaning of land by patrician landowners to their clients. Elsewhere, for example, a pledgor could retain the pledged item as precarium (Iulianus Dig. 13,7,29), or a credit purchaser might receive the purchased item as precarium (Ulp. Dig. 43,26,20). Initially, precarium was not a legal relationship, but solely an actual grant which could be te…

Praescriptio longi temporis

(163 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] The PLT ('defence with long duration') is a defence of the possessor as opposed to the owner because the latter has not claimed his right for such a long time. The introduction or recognition of the PLT are linked with a rescriptum of Septimius Severus and of Caracalla of AD 199 which continued an already existing practice. The PLT concerned provincial land that was not accessible to acquisition by prescription ( usucapio ), but it was also related to moveable objects (Mod. Dig. 44,3,3; Marcianus Dig. 44,3,9). Its precondition was ' legal commencement of possession' ( iustum…

Fructus

(384 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] (‘Fruits’). Objects extracted from another object (‘mother object’), such as agricultural crops and tree fruits, wood, the young of animals, hair, wool, milk (Dig. 22,1,28 pr.; 7,1,48,1). Fructi belonged to the owner of the mother object before they were separated from it (Dig. 6,1,44), and basically also afterwards. A security (  pignus ) to the mother object was basically also extended to the fructi, if after separation they became the property of the person hypothecatinging the object (Dig. 20,1,1,2; 29,1); the hypothecary right of the lessor comprised also fructi…

Superficies

(320 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] In Roman law, the hereditary authority to maintain a building on another's land (heritable building right). This right was at first granted by communities (cf. FIRA III no. 109), later also by private individuals. Its basis was a lease, generally of unlimited duration, or a purchase, also donations or liabilities (Leasehold). The owner of the superficies was protected against the landowner by an appeal of purchase or contract of services on the object of concern, against third parties by the relinquishment of the right of appeal to whi…

Auctiones

(497 words)

Author(s): Andreau, Jean (Paris) | Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] I. History In Rome, auctiones, auctions, which were carried out by a magistrate, were designated as public in order to distinguish them from private auctions where the owner willingly sold part of his property. The magistrates arranged on the one hand the sectio bonorum, the auction of the goods of those who owed debts to the public, and on the other hand, the venditio bonorum, the forced auction of the goods of other debtors. The venditio bonorum, which is documented since the 2nd cent. BC, was a forcible measure taken by a creditor against a debtor who…

Nuntiatio

(256 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] is encountered in religious law (e.g. as in the announcing of the auspices by the augures ), in criminal law (as a ‘declaration’ similar to the public announcement by the denuntiator or delator), in fiscal law (as nuntiatio ad fiscum, Callistratus Dig. 49,14,1 pr.) and in civil law. Here nuntiatio denotes in particular the objection to another person's building alterations ( operis novi nuntiatio , Ulp. Dig. 39,1,pr.): a) on the basis of a right of obstruction, b) for the purpose of damage prevention or c) for the enforcement of the observanc…

Habitatio

(223 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] Initially means home, e.g. as the object of purchase and sale (  locatio conductio ; Dig. 2,14,4; 19,2,5) or a protective object of the lex Cornelia de iniuriis (Dig. 47,10,5,5). Habitatio also means the right to live, which is founded in part on legacy (  legatum ) (Dig. 7,8,10 pr.). The relationship of the habitatio to the   usus and the   usus fructus (usufruct) was doubtful. In effect ( effectu quidem) the habitatio legata ‘almost’ ( paene) was covered by the usus legatus (Papin./Ulp. Dig. 7,8,10 pr.). The Roman jurists occupied themselves with questions lik…

Adluvio

(240 words)

Author(s): Sauerwein, Friedrich (Heidelberg) | Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
(geographical/geological alluvium, alluvial). [German version] Geography Alluvia are young soils created by sediments deposited along coastlines, in low-lying marshes and valleys, particularly extensive in river flood plains and estuaries. Thus, modern inland towns such as  Pella or  Ephesus and many others in ancient times were on or near the coast. As a technical term used by lawyers and agrimensores ( Surveyors: Cic. Orat. 1,173; Cod. lust. 7,41), adluvio refers to the increase in size through these natural processes of individual owners' land ( accessio). Sauerwein, Friedr…

Mancipatio

(507 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] first occurs in Pliny (HN 9,35,117 mancupatio) in place of mancipium ( mancupium), to describe an ancient Roman civil law action establishing power over persons ( mancipium ) or objects ( dominium ). The mancipatio procedure for the 2nd cent. AD is depicted as follows (Gai. Inst. 1,119): in the presence of five witnesses and a bearer of the scales ( libripens), all of them Roman citizens of full age ( quirites ), the person receiving the object declares as follows: a) that he is the owner under Quiritary law, and: b) that he has pur…

Servitus

(248 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] ('Subserviency') in Roman law meant the encumbrance of a piece of land in the sense that the owner was obliged to tolerate certain impacts enacted by the encumbrancer or was not allowed to impact another piece of land in certain ways (however: there was no obligation towards positive actions, in faciendo consistere nequit). Servitus on rural tracts of land ( servitus praediorum rusticorum) included road easements ( iter), paths for driving cattle ( actus), roads for transporting goods ( via), water ducts ( aquae ductus). In the city, servitus ( servitus praediorum urban…

Hypotheke

(669 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
(ὑποθήκη; hypothḗkē). [German version] [1] Legal term Legal Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden) [German version] A. Greek law The hypotheke (ὑποθήκη = deposit, literally ‘place under’) is encountered in Attic law as an encumbrance upon property, houses, businesses, as security on loan provisions. Stones of hypothekehóroi ) specified the mortgaged encumbrance. The hypotheke was an institution found throughout Greece, but outside Attica the designation of the mortgaged property by the hóroi is found only on a few Aegean islands. The hypotheke was enforced by foreclosure. This …

Traditio

(588 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] Transfer or procuration of possession ( possessio ) in Roman law. In the ius gentium (common law of the 'peoples', i.e. non-citizens) it was equivalent to the forms of reassignment of the mancipatio and in iure cessio in the ius [D.] civile (law for Roman citizens, Gai. Inst. 2,65; Dig. 41,1,9,3), which applied to res mancipi alone, while the traditio sufficed for res nec mancipi (e.g. clothing, gold, silver). It required a iusta causa (legal basis, e.g. sale, gift, Gai. Inst. 2,19 f.; Paul. Dig. 41,1,31 pr.). If a res mancipi, e.g. a piece of Italian land, was merely…

Emphyteusis

(285 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[German version] (hereditary leasehold). The technical term first appeared in an Imperial constitution of AD 386 (Gratianus/Valentinianus/Theodosius/Arcadius Cod. Iust. 11,62,7). Even earlier, the term fundus emphyteutici iuris (Cod. Iust. 11,62,1) crops up in a constitution of 315. Around that time emphyteusis appears, along with the original Roman right to ager vectigalis, as the Hellenistic form of hereditary leasehold . Ager vectigalis is communal land (  ager publicus ) that is made available, in exchange for rent ( Taxes), for cultivation in perpetuity ( in perpetuum) (D…

Locus

(453 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[English version] [1] (Meist) unbebauter Teil eines Gutes (Meist) unbebauter Teil eines Gutes ( fundus ). Das Gut selbst bildet eine wirtschaftliche Einheit ( integrum aliquid, Dig. 50,16,60 pr.). Die Einordnung als fundus oder l. hängt von der - trennenden oder verbindenden - Bestimmung ( opinio, constitutio o.ä.) des Eigentümers ab, sei es durch Benennung ( appellatio) oder Änderung des Bezuges der bisherigen Benennung (Dig. 31,86,1; 33,7,20,7) oder Änderung der Buchführung (Dig. 32,91,3,), sei es - zur Verbindung - im Zuge eines Hinzuerwerbes (Plin. epist. 3,19). Der l. kann au…

Mancipatio

(422 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[English version] begegnet erstmals bei Plinius (nat. 9,35,117 mancupatio) an Stelle von mancipium ( mancupium) zur Bezeichnung eines röm. altzivilen Rechtsakts zur Begründung einer Gewalt über Personen ( mancipium ) oder Sachen ( dominium ). Der Hergang der m. wird für das 2. Jh.n.Chr. wie folgt geschildert (Gai. inst. 1,119): Im Beisein von fünf Zeugen und einem Waagehalter ( libripens), alle mündige röm. Bürger ( quirites ), spricht derjenige, der die Sache empfängt, aus: a) Er sage, daß er quiritischer Eigentümer sei, und: b) Die Sache …

In iure cessio

(197 words)

Author(s): Schanbacher, Dietmar (Dresden)
[English version] Die i.i.c. des röm. Rechts ist ein Akt der Rechtsübertragung in der Form eines Scheinprozesses, der legis actio sacramento in rem . Sie ist - wie die mancipatio - nicht abhängig vom Bestehen eines Rechtsgrundes ( causa), z.B. eines Kaufvertrages, vielmehr “abstrakt”. Die i.i.c. betrifft Gegenstände, an welchen quiritisches Eigentum möglich ist (z.B. nicht Provinzialgrundstücke), und ist nur röm. Bürgern zugänglich (Gai. inst. 2,65). Manche Gegenstände, wie der ususfructus , können nur durch i.i.c. übertragen werden (Gai. inst. 2,30). Vor einem röm. Ma…
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