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British officer, diplomat and archaeologist. Born Henry Creswicke R., Chadlington (Oxfordshire), 11. 4. 1810, died London 5. 3. 1895. Brother of George Rawlinson. Entered the army in 1826, then pursued military career from 1827 in the ¶ service of the British East India Company (EIC), mainly in India and Afghanistan. Active as an EIC agent in various key positions in the Near East, including, from 1843, British Consul at Baghdad, then consul general at Baghdad in 1851. 1851–1855 excavations for British Museum in Near East. From 185…

German Assyriologist. Born Peter Christian Albrecht J., Bordeaux, 16. 8. 1861, died Marburg/Lahn 16. 8. 1936. Studied theology at Univ. of Leipzig from 1880, changing to Oriental studies and Assyriology there with Friedrich Delitzsch, then at Berlin with Eberhard Schrader and Eduard Sachau. 1884 doctorate at Berlin; thereafter librarian at Kiel and Strasbourg. 1888 habil. and priv.-doz. at Univ. of Strasbourg. 1892–1928 prof. ord. at Marburg, succeeding Julius Wellhausen. Work and influence The main focus of J.’s work was the study of the Assyrian and Babylonian tra…

German theologian and Assyriologist. Born Konrad Eberhard S., Braunschweig 7. 1. 1836, died Berlin 4. 7. 1908. From 1856, studied theology and Semitic languages at Göttingen; doctorate 1860 with a thesis on Ethiopian. priv.-doz. from 1862 at the theological faculty of the Univ. of Zurich, from 1863 prof. ord. in theology there. 1870 prof. of Old Testament studies at Univ. of Giessen. From 1873 at Univ. of Jena; 1875 first prof. of Assyriology at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Univ., Berlin, and member of Königlich-Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin. Works and influence The speci…

British antiquarian and historian. Born Chad-lington (Oxfordshire) 23. 11. 1812, died Canter-bury 6. 10. 1902. Brother of Henry Rawlinson. 1834–1841 studied at Trinity College, Oxford; 1841 MA. Holy orders 1842; 1861–1889 Camden Prof. of Ancient History at Oxford. Canon at Canterbury from 1872. Work and influence In the course of his historical research, R. devoted himself to the translation of primary sources of ancient history. His translations of Herodotus’ Histories were especially important. He furnished them with a substantial commentary written jointly wit…

German classical philologist and linguist. Born Hannoversch-Münden 9. 6. 1775, died Hannover 15. 12. 1853. Studied theology and classical philology at Göttingen from 1795; 1797–1802 substitute teacher at Göttingen Gymnasium; 1803–1821 schoolteacher and prorector at Städtisches Gymnasium Frankfurt. 1812–1814 prof. at Lyceum Carolinum, Landesuniversität Frankfurt. 1821–1849 director of Hannover Lyzeum. Work and influence G. was a pioneer of historical study of the ancient Near East. His great achievement was to develop a systematic approach to decip…