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[English Version] Steinmetz, Johann Adam (24.9.1689 Großkniegnitz im Fürstentum Brieg – 10.7.1762 Prester bei Magdeburg). Nach dem Studium in Leipzig (seit 1709), ab 1715 Pfarradjunkt in Mollwitz bei Brieg, 1717 Pfarrer in Tepliwoda und 1720 Oberprediger und Schulinspektor in Teschen, wo er die Gnadenkirche als erste ev. Kirche in Oberschlesien, Schule und Waisenhaus erbauen ließ. Nach Amtsenthebung im Zuge der Pietismusstreitigkeiten und Ausweisung wurde er auf N.v. Zinzendorfs Empfehlung 1730 Pfar…

[English Version] (Fischer), Johannes (27.3.1546 Straßburg – 26.7.1625 Herborn). Studium der Theol. in Straßburg, ab 1564 in Tübingen (1568 M.A.), hielt ab 1571 Vorlesungen in Straßburg, das er als Calvinist (Calvinismus) 1574 verlassen mußte. Lehrte bis 1576 in Heidelberg, dann in Siegen, Neustadt an der Hardt und Moers. P. prägte ab 1584 als Prof. gemeinsam mit C. Olevian die als Geisteszentrum des Calvinismus gegründete Hohe Schule in Herborn (Reformierte Hohe Schulen in Deutschland). – Seine Th…

[English Version] Pastorius, Franz Daniel (26.9.1651 Sommerhausen, Franken – Ende 1719/Anfang 1720 Germantown, PA). 1668–1676 Studium in Altdorf (1676 Dr. jur.), Straßburg, Basel und Jena. 1679 auf Empfehlung J.H. Horbs in Frankfurt, wo er dem Collegium pietatis angehörte, v.a. beeinflußt von J.J. Schütz. 1683 entsprechend dem Aufruf des Quäkers W. Penn zum »Holy-Experiment« Führer der ersten dt. Einwanderungsgruppe nach Pennsylvania und Gründer von Germantown. Verstand sich als Pietist (Pietismus),…

[English Version] (Seckendorff), Veit Ludwig v. (20.12.1626 Herzogenaurach bei Erlangen – 18.12.1692 Halle/Saale), luth. Staatsmann, -theoretiker und Historiker. 1642 Studium in Straßburg; seit 1646 im Dienst Ernsts des Frommen von Sachsen-Gotha, 1651 Hof- und Justizrat, 1655 Geheimer Hof- und Kammerrat sowie Vorsitzender des Kammerkollegiums, 1663 Vorsitzender des Geheimen Rats ebd.; 1664 Kanzler und Konsistorialpräsident im Dienst Herzog Moritz' von Sachsen-Zeitz; ab 1682 Privatgelehrter auf seinem…

[English Version] Sagittarius, Kaspar (23.9.1643 Lüneburg – 9.3.1694 Jena); Studium u.a. 1660 in Jena und 1662 in Helmstedt, 1668 Rektor in Saalfeld; 1671 M.A., 1673 Lic. theol. und 1678 Dr. theol. in Jena; seit 1674 Prof. der Gesch. ebd., 1688 zudem Ernestinischer Hofhistoriograph. – S. vf. zahlreiche, v.a. hist. und kirchenhist. Schriften (z.B. Introductio in historiam ecclesiasticam, 2 Bde., 1718), insbes. zu Sachsen und Thüringen. Er stand mit Ph.J. Spener und A.H. Francke in Kontakt, verteidig…

[English Version] Wagnitz, Heinrich Balthasar (8.9.1755 Halle/S. – 28.2.1838 ebd.). 1777 Adjunkt an Unser Lieben Frauen in Halle, 1786 Diakon, 1809–1834 Oberpfarrer und Superintendent ebd. Zudem 1784–1817 Prediger am Zucht- und Arbeitshaus, seit 1804 a.o. Prof. für Moral und Homiletik ebd. – W.' aus der Praxis erwachsenen, für die Gesch. der Justiz und der Gefangenenseelsorge bedeutsamen Vorschläge zu einer Reform des Strafvollzugs mit dem Schwerpunkt einer Beamtenausbildung (u.a. Über die moralisch…

[German Version] (Oct 24, 1670, Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein – Oct 16, 1731, Königsberg, Prussia [today Kaliningrad, Russian exclave]) studied theology at Leipzig (1686), Jena (1687), and Halle (1694), receiving his Dr.theol. in 1702. The same year he was appointed associate professor of theology, director of the Collegium Fridericianum, and preacher in Königsberg. In 1707 he was appointed full professor and in 1715 court chaplain as well; in 1717 he was appointed to the consistory and made inspe…

[German Version] (Fischer; Mar 27, 1546, Straßburg [Strasbourg] – Jul 26, 1625, Herborn). After studying theology at Straßburg and (from 1564) at Tübingen (M.A. 1568), in 1571 Piscator began lecturing in Straßburg, but as a Calvinist (Calvinism) had to leave in 1574. Until 1576 he taught at Heidelberg, then Siegen, Neustadt an der Hardt, and Moers. Beginning in 1584, he and C. Olevian shaped the academy in Herborn (Reformed colleges in Germany), founded to be the intellectual center of German Calvinism. His position that only Christ’s oboedientia passiva makes satisfaction for sin…

[German Version] (1542, Wetzlar – Dec 1597, Bensheim). The child of Jewish parents, he was baptized a Lutheran in 1546 and converted to Catholicism in 1548. He began studies in Cologne and Leuven in 1559, became professor of Hebrew and Chaldean and a physician in Douai in 1564, professor of Hebrew and canon at St. Ursula in Cologne in 1565, priest at St. Maria-Ablaß and polemicist (Controversial theology) against the Protestants in 1572. Through his studies of “heretical literature,” Isaac acquired a critical view of his own church. He was barred from preaching in 1583 because ¶ of a sermon…

[German Version] Elizabeth of Herford, Countess Palatine of the Rhine, Princess Abbess of Herford (Nov 26, 1618, Heidelberg – Feb 8, 1680, Herford), was the daughter of Frederick V of the Palatinate (the “Winter King”). Elizabeth lived in exile in The Hague from 1627 to 1650 and studied in Leiden. After 1639, she was in contact with A.M. van Schurman; from 1640 to 1650, she was the student and correspondent of R. Descartes, who dedicated his Principia philosophiae to her. After 1650, she lived primarily in Heidelberg and Kassel, became acquainted …

[German Version] (Dec 20, 1655, Erfurt – Jan 25, 1712, London) became secretary to Prince George of Denmark in 1686, took a diplomatic journey to Russia in 1693 followed by stays in England, Holland and Germany (in Halle an der Saale and elsewhere). He traveled to the Orient (1698/99), returning to London in 1700 as a corresponding member of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Ludolf's Reformation objective of an ecclesia universalis, which ¶ was closely linked to diplomatic and economic concerns and met or attracted the interest of A.H. Francke, related in…

[German Version] (Sep 23, Lüneburg – Mar 9, 1694, Jena). After studying in Jena (1660) and Helmstedt (1662) and elsewhere, he was appointed principal in Saalfeld in 1668. He received his M.A. in 1671, his Lic.theol. in 1673, and his Dr.theol. in 1678 at Jena. In 1674 he was appointed professor of history in Jena and 1688 to the additional post of historiographer of the Ernestine court. Sagittarius published many works, primarily on history and church history (e.g. Introductio in historian ecclesiasticam, 2 vols., 1718) with special emphasis on Saxony and Thuringia. He was in contact with ¶ P…

[German Version] (Sep 8, 1775, Halle an der Saale – Feb 28, 1838, Halle). In 1777 he was appointed assistant at the monastery Unser Lieben Frauen in Halle and in 1786 deacon; from 1809 to 1834 he served as senior pastor and superintendent. In addition he served from 1784 to 1817 as chaplain to the penal workhouse and from 1804 as associate professor of ethics and homiletics at the university. His proposals for reforming the penal system with an emphasis on training civil servants, the product of p…

[German Version] (or Seckendorff; Dec 20, 1626, Herzogenaurach, near Erlangen – Dec 18, 1692, Halle), Lutheran statesman, political philosopher, and historian. After studying at Straßburg (Strasbourg) beginning in 1642, he entered the service of Ernest the Pious of Saxe-Gotha; in 1651 he was appointed councilor and legal adviser, in 1655 privy councilor as well as member and president of the Treasury Council; ¶ in 1663 he was appointed president of the privy council. In 1664 he entered the service of Duke Maurice of Saxe-Zeitz as chancellor and president of…

[German Version] ( née Ward; 1623/1624, Norfolk – Aug 19, 1704, London). Born as the twelfth child of a wealthy tobacco trader, Leade soon developed an exceptional religious sensibility and attained a secure faith after years of inner conflict. In 1644, she married the London tradesman William Leade (died 1670). From 1663 onward, she began studying the writings of J. Böhme under the guidance of J. Pordage, in the course of which she came into contact with the Philadelphians. Since the death of her …

[German Version] (Sep 26, 1651, Sommerhausen, Franconia – late 1719/early 1720, Germantown, PA). Between 1668 and 1676, Pastorius studied at Altdorf (Dr.iur. 1676), Straßburg [Strasbourg], Basel, and Jena. In 1679 J.H. Horb persuaded him to move to Frankfurt, where he joined the Collegium Pietatis and came under the influence of J.J. Schütz. In 1683, responding to the appeal of the Quaker W. Penn to join his “holy experiment,” he became the leader of the first group of German emigrants to Pennsylv…

[German Version] (Jan 18, 1610, Zeitz – Jun 3, 1670, Leipzig) was the nephew of Johannes Kromayer. After schooling in Naumburg an der Saale and brief periods of study in Wittenberg and Jena, Kromayer studied in Leipzig; M.A., 1632; professor of history, 1643; Lic.theol., 1645; professor of rhetoric, 1648, and of theology from 1647; professorial chair, 1657; professor primarius, 1666. Kromayer's significance lay in his ability to convey Lutheran theology in a didactic manner appropriate to issues of pastoral/ecclesial activity ( Theologia positivo-polemica, 1668). Together wit…

[German Version] (May 20, 1593, Sondershausen – Jul 27, 1656, Gotha). Glassius, who had studied primarily in Jena from 1609 onward, became adjunct to the faculty of philosophy at the same university in 1619 and professor of Hebrew in 1621. The biblical encyclopedia Philologiae sacrae (5 vols., 1623–1636, 11(?)1776–1795) constitutes Glassius's most significant work. In 1638, he succeeded J. Gerhard as professor of theology, in 1643 also as editor of the Weimarische Bibel, in which he published his commentaries on the poetic books of the OT (11641, 17(?)1768). From 1640 onward, as g…

[German Version] (Sep 24, 1689, Großkniegnitz in the principality of Brieg [now Księginice Wielkie, Poland] – Jul 10, 1762, Prester [now Magdeburg- Prester]). After studying at Leipzig (from 1709), in 1715 he was appointed associate pastor in Mollwitz, near Brieg (now Małujowice, Poland); in 1717 he became pastor in Tepliwoda (now Ciepłowody, Poland) and in 1720 senior pastor and inspector of schools in Teschen (Cieszyn), where he had the Jesus Church (Church of Grace) built as the first Protestan…

[German Version] 1. Polycarp, the Elder (Mar 18, 1552, Winnenden, Württemberg – Feb 22, 1610, Dresden), student of J. Andreae and J. Heerbrand (master's degree 1570). In 1573 he was appointed pastor in Gellersdorf, Austria. After receiving his doctorate from Tübingen in 1576, he was appointed general superintendent in Wittenberg, where he also served as professor of theology and a member of the consistory. The framing, defense, and introduction of the Wittenberg Concord (see Book of Concord ) were the centerpiece of his work there. In 1587 he was ap…

[English Version] 1.  Johannes Kupfermann), (17.9.1546 Wesel – 26.1.1623 Halle/S.). Studium in Marburg (1566) und Jena (1570, M.A. 1573), 1574 Lehrer am Gymnasium in Königsberg, 1577 Prof. für hebr. Sprache, 1578 Prof. für Theol. in Helmstedt (1579 Dr. theol.); 1581 Superintendent in Halle/S., wo er sich für die Ordnung des Kirchenwesens einsetzte und gelegentlich theol. Disputationen abhielt. Eine enge Freundschaft verband ihn mit T. Heshusius, dessen Tochter Anna er 1579 heiratete. Als ein bewußte…

[German Version] 1. Johannes (Kupfermann; Sep 17, 1546, Wesel – Jan 26, 1623, Halle). After studying at Marburg (1566) and Jena (1570, M.A. 1573), Olearius began teaching at the Gymnasium in Königsberg (today Kaliningrad) in 1574. In 1577 he was appointed professor of Hebrew and in 1578 professor of theology at Helmstedt (1579 Dr.theol.). In 1581 he was appointed superintendent in Halle, where he set the organization of the church in order and occasionally held theological disputations. He was a clo…