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[German Version] (Jul 19, 1881, Aschaffenburg – Feb 16, 1963, Frankfurt am Main), physicist, businessman, politician, philosopher, and pioneer of X-ray technology. He became honorary professor in 1920 and was later, from 1922 to 1933, appointed professor for the physical principles of medicine in Frankfurt am Main. He was a newspaper publisher from 1922 to 193…

[German Version] (Nov 7, 1818, Berlin – Dec 26, 1896, Berlin) was the founder of modern electrophysiology. He was extraordinary professor (1855) and ordinary professor (1858) of physiology at the University of Berlin. He became a member of the Prussian Academy of Science in 1851 and permanent secretary of the mathematics and physical science section in 1867. In his Reden on the theory and philosophy of science, he emphasizes the “boundaries of natural knowledge” and the insoluble nature of the “puzzle of t…

[German Version] (Feb 16, 1834, Potsdam – Aug 9, 1919, Jena) was a doctor of medicine, a zoologist, and a natural philosopher who became an advocate of C.R. Darwin's teachings ( On the Origin of Species, 1859) as early as 1862. He was highly instrumental in securing the acceptance of the theory of evolution in German-speaking countries ¶ and contributed to its further elaboration and expansion over and above Darwin, notably in the direction of an ideology and “monistic religion” (Monism). He became associate professor of comparative anatomy in 1862 and…

[German Version] I. Science – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Systematic Theology – IV. Ethics I. Science Although Darwinism may be thought of as referring to the version of evolutionary theory originating from C.R. Darwin (Desmond & Moore), it is in reality, however, difficult to agree on any more precise definition. Darwin's own works on evolution involved several different mechanisms for br…