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[German version] is the normative written form of common Slavonic (jȩzyk slověnski). In its oldest form (Old Church Slavonic), it was used in liturgical practice because of the translations and missionary work of Constantine ( Cyrillus [5]) and Methodius (Vita Methodii 15). The conflict between Methodius ( archepiscopus Pannoniensis ecclesiae) and the Roman Curia was not caused by his apostolic teachings, but by his reading of the liturgy of the sacra missarum solemnia in Slavonic language. Church Slavonic (CS) was elevated to the state of a liturgical language …

[German version] (Glagolica). The older of the two Slavonic alphabets that was invented by Constantine (with the monk's name  Cyrillus). Until the 18th cent. the origin of G. was connected with the activity of Jerome (342-429) as doctor maximus and patron saint of Dalmatia [13. 111], to whom a few slavonic apocrypha [12. 7, 26, 27] were ascribed. Assemanus [1] was the first to establish the theory that Constantine-Cyrillus certainly was the inventor of G.; this is generally accepted today. The Vita Constantini (VC) [6] is the only source to report about how one year before h…

(Μεθόδιος; Methódios). [German version] [1] Bishop of Olympus, 3rd-4th cent. AD Bishop of Olympus (late 3rd - early 4th cent. BC). Little about his life is known for certain. According to Jer. Vir. ill. 83 he was bishop of Olympus in Lycia, but Tyre, Patara, Myra and Philippi are also mentioned as his see. His martyrdom, also reported by Jerome, is equally disputed. M., who preferred the dialogue form in imitation of Plato, wrote numerous works (CPG 1810-1830) in an elegant style. His main work Sympósion ē Perí hagneías (Συμπόσιον ἢ Περὶ ἁγνείας [2]) celebrates virginity as an anti…

(Μακεδονία/ Makedonía, Μακεδόνες/ Makedónes, Lat. Macedonia, Macedones). [German version] I. Geography, economy, ethnogenesis The core territory of the ancient Macedonian state was in the plains immediately to the east and north of the Olympus mountain range. Beginning with the 7th cent. BC, the Macedones conquered from their capital Aegae [1] step by step Pieria (south of the lower Haliacmon), Bottiaea (between Haliacmon and Axius), Almopia, Mygdonia (located in lowlands of lake Bolbe), Crestonia (to the no…

(Κύριλλος; Kýrillos) [German version] [1] C. of Jerusalem Bishop Born c. AD 313, he was a member of the Jerusalem clergy (Jer. Chron. 2365 [GCS Eus. 7,236,7f. Helm/Treu]), and from 348 to 386 served as bishop of Jerusalem; he came to this office rather as a follower of the Homoeans (cf. Jer. loc. cit., Socr. 2,38,2 and Sozom. Hist. eccl. 4,20,1) than as a Nicaean (cf. Theod. Hist. eccl. 2,26,6). In 358 he was relieved of his office by  Acacius [2] of Caesarea and banished to Tarsus, rehabilitated in 359 a…