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Lūṭī

(352 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L.P.
(et aussi Lāṭī, Lawāṭa-kār) désigne à strictement parler, en persan courant, un amuseur itinérant accompagné d’un singe, d’un ours ou d’une chèvre qui danse au son d’un tambourin et de chansons vulgaires. Cette acception paraît être cependant une restriction tardive du sens du terme provenant peut-être d’un emploi antérieur pour désigner un bouffon attaché à une cour royale ou princière. Dans d’autres contextes, il s’applique à un libertin, un joueur, un buveur et, plus spécialement, à un pédéraste…

Lankoran

(693 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V. | Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
(Lenkoran) chef-lieu du district qui porte le même nom et relève de Bākū. Lenkoran est la prononciation russe du nom qui s’écrivait autrefois Langar-kunān («ancrage»; ou peut-être Langar-kanān «lieu qui arrache les ancres ») et qui se prononce en persan Länkärān et en tālis̲h̲ī, Lankōn. Les bateaux de la ligne Bākū-Enzelī [ q.v.] faisaient escale à Lankoran qui a une rade ouverte, mais à 12 km au Nord-est de la ville, se trouve l’île de Sarā dont l’excellente rade abrite les navires en cas de mauvais temps. Dans le district de Lankoran, de Morgan a trouvé des monuments d’une très …

Adīb Pīs̲h̲Āwarī

(487 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
, Sayyid Aḥmad, poète en persan né vers 1844 dans le district de Pīs̲h̲āwar (Nord-ouest de l’Inde) dans un clan de sayyids nomades qui faisaient remonter leur généalogie spirituelle à S̲h̲ihāb al-dīn Suhrawardī. Encore enfant, il perdit son père et la plupart de ses parents mâles dans un combat contre les Britanniques. Il s’enfuit à Kābul et, après avoir passé plusieurs années à G̲h̲aznīn, Harāt et Turbat-i S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḏj̲am, s’établit à Mas̲h̲had, où il suivit les cours d’un certain nombre de théologiens distingués …

Amīrī

(459 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
, Mīrzā Muḥammad Ṣādiḳ Adīb al-Mamālik, poète et journaliste persan, né à Kāzarān, près de Sulṭānābād (auj. Arāk) en 1860. Par son père, il descendait directement de Mīrzā Abū l-Ḳāsim Ḳāʾim-maḳām Farahānī, homme d’État et écrivain du début du XIXe siècle, et sa mère appartenait à la même famille. Après la mort de son père, en 1874, sa famille éprouva de graves difficultés financières qui durèrent jusqu’au moment où, en 1890, Mīrzā Ṣādiḳ entra au service d’Amīr-i Niẓām Garrūsī, qu’il accompagna à Tabrīz, Kirmāns̲h̲āh et Téhéran. Au co…

Ḥayawān

(12,612 words)

Author(s): Pellat, Ch. | Sourdel-Thomine, J. | Elwell-Sutton, L. P. | Boratav, P.N.
«règne animal», mot arabe dérivé d’une racine sémitique (cf. hébreu ) impliquant une notion de vie ( ḥayāt [ q.v.]); il n’est attesté qu’une seule fois dans le Ḳurʾān (XXIX, 64), où il signifie «vie véritable» et qualifie l’autre monde; d’autre part, les dictionnaires précisent qu’une source du paradis porte également ce nom, mais ḥayawān désigne le plus couramment, avec une valeur de singulatif ou de collectif, un animal pris séparément ou les animaux en général, y compris l’homme, plus précisément appelé al-ḥayawān al-nāṭiḳ. I. — Lexicographie. La faune de la péninsule arabique …

Ḳiṣṣa

(24,279 words)

Author(s): Pellat, Ch. | Vial, Ch. | Flemming, B. | İz, Fahir | Elwell-Sutton, L.P. | Et al.
(a.), pl. ḳiṣaṣ, est le terme qui, après une longue évolution, est généralement employé, de nos jours, pour désigner en arabe un roman, tandis que son diminutif, uḳṣūṣa, pl. aḳāṣīṣ, a été adopté quelque temps, notamment par Maḥmūd Taymūr [ q.v.], comme équivalent de «nouvelle», avant d’être malencontreusement remplacé par un calque de l’anglais, ḳiṣṣa ḳaṣīra (short story). C’est à ces genres littéraires tels qu’il sont cultivés dans diverses littératures que seront en grande partie consacrées les sections du présent article, même si le mot ḳiṣṣa lui-même n’est pas usité. Malgré …

ʿĀrif, Mīrzā

(443 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
Abū l-Ḳāsim, poète révolutionnaire et satirique persan, né à Ḳazwīn vers 1880 qui, après avoir étudié le persan, l’arabe, la calligraphie et la musique, devint rawḍa-k̲h̲wān, mais abandonna cette profession après la mort de son père. A 17 ans, il se maria contre le gré de ses parents et fut obligé de divorcer deux ans plus tard; il ne se remaria plus jamais. A Téhéran, où il s’était rendu, il entra au service de la cour de Muẓaffar al-dīṇ S̲h̲āh, où il attira, par son talent de chanteur, l’attention du souverain et des …

Ḳurrat al-ʿAyn

(892 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L.P. | MacEoin, D.
, Fāṭima Umm Salmā, ap-pelée également Ḏh̲akiyya, Zarrīn-tād̲j̲ et Ṭāhira, poétesse persane et martyre bābie, née à Ḳazwīn en 1231/1814. Fille aînée du célèbre mud̲j̲-tahid Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Mullā Muḥammad Ṣālih Barag̲h̲ānī, elle fit ses études à Ḳazwīn et acquit une connaissance profonde des sciences de l’Islam; elle épousa Mullā Muḥammad, fils de son oncle Mullā Muḥammad Taḳī, et lui donna trois fils, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ismāʿīl, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ibrāhīm et S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Is̲h̲āk et une fille. Avec son beau-frère Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Mullā Muḥammad ʿAl…

As̲h̲raf al-Dīn Gīlanī

(326 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
, journaliste et poète persan né à Ras̲h̲t en 1871. Il acheva ses premières études à Ḳazwīn et de 1883 à 1888, étudia la théologie à Nad̲j̲af. De retour à Ras̲h̲t, il gagna sa vie comme écrivain public jusqu’à la révolution de 1906; il lança alors un hebdomadaire, Nasīm-i S̲h̲imāl (titre qu’il employa parfois aussi comme tak̲h̲alluṣ); la publication en fut interdite après la contre-révolution de Muḥammad ʿAlī S̲h̲āh en 1908, mais elle put reprendre l’année suivante à Téhéran, As̲h̲raf ayant accompagné les troupes constitutionalistes qui réussirent à …

Čāy-k̲h̲āna

(1,202 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
« maison de thé », désigne divers établissements d’Iran où sont servis du thé et des boissons légères et qui sont surtout fréquentés par des ouvriers et de petits employés. Ḳahwak̲h̲āna « maison de café », est employé avec un sens très voisin, mais on ne sert jamais de café. Ce dernier nom révèle toutefois un aspect de l’histoire de l’institution sur laquelle nous sommes surtout renseignés par les voyageurs européens. Une des plus anciennes références se trouve dans les Voyages de Chardin (II, 321) où, décrivant Iṣfahān vers 1670, il parle des « cabarets à café, à tabac, et…

Lūlī

(2,826 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V. | Elwell-Sutton, L.P.
, un des noms donnés, en Perse, aux gitans (formes parallèles: en persan, lūrī, lōrī, dans Farhang-i Ḏj̲ahāngīrī; en balūčī, lōrī; Denys Bray, Census ofBaluchistan, 1911, IV, 143, fournit l’étymologie populaire qui fait venir ce terme de lor «lot, part»). Le nom de Lūlī se rencontre pour la première fois dans une légende relative au règne de Bahrām Gūr (420-38 de J.-C.); à la demande de ce roi sāsānide qui voulait amuser ses sujets, le roi indien S̲h̲angal (?) envoya en Perse 4000 (12 000) musiciens de son pays; Ḥamza al-Iṣfahānī (350/961), éd. Berlin-Kaviani, 38, les appelle al-Zuṭṭ [ q.v.]…

ʿĀrif, Mīrzā

(415 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
abu ’l-ḳāsim , Persian revolutionary poet and satirist, was born in Ḳazwīn ca. 1880, and after studying Persian, Arabic, calligraphy and music, became a rawḍak̲h̲ w ān , an occupation that he abandoned after his father’s death. ¶ At 17 he married a young girl against her parents’ wishes, and two years later was obliged to divorce her; he never married again. Leaving for Tehran, he took service at the court of Muẓaffar al-Dīn S̲h̲āh, where his singing attracted the attention of the sovereign and leading courtiers. Court life, howeve…

Čāy-Ḵh̲āna

(1,150 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
, lit. “tea-house”, a term covering a range of establishments in Iran serving tea and light refreshments, and patronised mainly by the working and lower middle classes. The term ḳahwa-k̲h̲āna , “coffee-house”, is used almost synonymously, though coffee is never served. This latter name, however, tells us something of the history of this institution, for most of which we have to rely ¶ on the accounts of the European travellers. One of the earliest references occurs in Chardin’s Voyages (ii, 321), where in his description of Iṣfahān in about 1670 he s…

Lūlī

(2,957 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V. | Elwell-Sutton, L.P.
, one of the names for gipsies in Persia; parallel forms are: in Persian, lūrī , lōrī ( Farhang-i D̲j̲ahāngīrī ); in Balūčī, lōṛī (Denys Bray, Census of Baluchistan , 1911, iv, 143, gives the popular etymology from lōṛ = “lot, share”). The name lūlī is first found in a legend relating to the reign of Bahrām Gūr (420-38 A.D.). At the request of this Sāsānid King, who wished to amuse his subjects, the Indian king S̲h̲angal (?) sent to Persia 4,000 (12,000) Indian musicians. Ḥamza (350/961), ed. Berlin-Kaviani, 38, calls them al-Zuṭṭ [ q.v.], Firdawsī (Mohl, vi, 76-7), Lūriyān; T̲h̲aʿālibī, G̲h̲ur…

Amīrī

(441 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
, mīrzā muḥammad ṣādiḳ adīb al-mamālik , Persian poet and journalist, was born at Kāzarān near Sulṭānābād (mod. Arāk) in 1860. On his father’s side he was directly descended from Mīrzā Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Ḳāʾimmaḳām Farāhānī, statesman and writer of the early 19th century, while his mother was a member of the same family. After his father’s death in 1874 the family was in serious financial difficulties, until in 1890 Mīrzā Ṣādiḳ took service with Amīr-i Niẓām Garrūsī, whom he accompanied to Tabriz, Kirmāns̲h̲āh and Tehran. During this period he acquired the titles Amīr al-S̲h̲uʿarāʾ (whence his t…

As̲h̲raf al-Dīn Gīlānī

(316 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
, Persian journalist and poet, was born in Ras̲h̲t in 1871. He completed his early studies in Ḳazwīn, and from 1883 to 1888 was a theological student in Nad̲j̲af. Returning to Ras̲h̲t, he earned his living as a letter-writer until the Revolution of 1906, when he began the publication of Nasīm-i S̲h̲imāl (a name that he also sometimes used as his tak̲h̲allūṣ ). This weekly journal was suppressed after the counterrevolution of Muḥammad ʿAlī S̲h̲āh in 1908, but the following years As̲h̲raf accompanied the Constitutionalist forces on thei…

Ḳiṣṣa

(24,795 words)

Author(s): Pellat, Ch. | Vial, Ch. | Flemming, B. | İz, Fahīr | Elwell-Sutton, L.P. | Et al.
(a.), pl. ḳiṣaṣ , the term which, after a long evolution, is now generally employed in Arabic for the novel, whilst its diminutive uḳṣūṣa , pl. aḳāṣīṣ , has sometimes been adopted, notably by Maḥmūd Taymūr [ q.v.] as the equivalent of “novella, short story”, before being ineptly replaced by a calque from the English “short story”, ḳiṣṣa ḳaṣīra . The sections of the following article are largely devoted to these literary genres as they are cultivated in the various Islamic literatures, even if the word ḳiṣṣa is not itself used by them. Although some Berber tongues use the Arabic term ( Iḳiṣṣt

Adīb Pīs̲h̲āwarī

(472 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
, sayyid aḥmad , Persian poet, was born ca. 1844 in the district of Pīs̲h̲āwar (Peshawar) in north-west India to a clan of nomadic sayyids who traced their spiritual lineage back to S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn Suhrawardī. While he was still a boy, his father and most of his male relatives were killed in fighting against the British government. He himself escaped to Kābul, and after spending several years in G̲h̲aznīn, Harāt and Turbat-i S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ D̲j̲am, settled in Mas̲h̲had, where he studied under a number …

Lūṭī

(362 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L.P.
(also Lāṭī, Lawāṭa-kār), in current Persian strictly speaking an itinerant entertainer accompanied by a monkey, bear or goat, which dances to the sound of a drum and coarse songs. This however appears to have been a late restriction of the meaning of the term, deriving perhaps from its ¶ earlier use to describe a jester attached to a royal or princely court. In other contexts, it is equivalent to a loose liver, gambler, wine-bibber, and more especially, a pederast. The last meaning lends colour to the generally accepted derivation, through Arabic lūṭī , lawwāṭ , fro…

Lankoran

(710 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V. | Elwell-Sutton, L.P.
( Lenkoran ), the chief town of the district of the same name in the region of Bākū. Lenkoran is the Russian pronunciation of the name, which was at one time written Langarkunān (“anchorage”), or perhaps Langar-kanān (“place which pulls out the anchors”), which is pronounced Länkarän in Persian and Lankon in Tālis̲h̲ī. The ships of the Bākū-Enzelī [ q.v.] line used formerly to call at Lankoran, which has an open roadstead, but at 8 miles north-east of the town is the island of Sara, which has an excellent roadstead which shelters the ships in bad weather. In the district of Lankoran, de Mor…

Ḥayawān

(13,196 words)

Author(s): Pellat, Ch. | Sourdel-Thomine, J. | Elwell-Sutton, L.P. | Boratav, P.N.
“the animal kingdom”, Arabic word derived from a Semitic root (cf. Hebrew ) implying a notion of life ( ḥayāt [ q.v.]). It is attested only once in the Ḳurʾān (XXIX, 64), where it means “the true life” and is used of the other world; the dictionaries state that a spring of Paradise is also called by this name, but the most usual meaning of ḥayawān , used as a singular or a collective, is an animal or animals in general, including man, who is more precisely called al-ḥayawān al-nāṭiḳ . 1. Lexicography. The fauna of the Arabian peninsula has been covered under al-ʿarab , d̲j̲azīrat …

Ḳurrat al-ʿAyn

(903 words)

Author(s): Elwell-Sutton, L.P. | MacEoin, D.
, Fāṭima Umm Salmā , also known as D̲h̲akīya, Zarrīn-tād̲j̲, Ṭāhira (see below), Persian poetess and Bābī martyr, was born in Ḳazwīn in 1231/1814, the eldest daughter of a famous mud̲j̲tahid , Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Mullā Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ Barag̲h̲ānī. She was educated in Ḳazwīn, and became proficient in the Islamic sciences. She was married to Mullā Muḥammad, the son of her uncle Mullā Muḥammad Taḳī, by whom she had three sons, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ismāʿīl, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ibrāhīm and S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Isḥāḳ, and one daughter. While staying with him in Karbalā, she j…

ʿADL-E MOẒAFFAR

(264 words)

Author(s): Calmard, Jean | Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
“Moẓaffar’s justice,” a phrase connected with the events of the Constitutional Revolution (1905-11) and the name of a newspaper.A version of this article is available in printVolume I, Fascicle 5, pp. 461-462i. The PhraseThe phrase ʿadl-e Moẓaffar is connected with the events of the constitutional revolution (1905-11). Because of the pressure of religious leaders and the steadfastness of merchants and other opponents who had taken bast “sanctuary” in the grounds of the British legation in Tehran, Moẓaffar-al-Dīn Shah (r. 1313-24/1896-1907) had to grant a form…
Date: 2022-05-18
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