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[English version] Mod. Bezeichnung für verschiedene Bauten der Ptolemaier-Dynastie, die dem Herrscherkult dienten; als erstes P. gilt ein von Ptolemaios [3] II. unmittelbar neben dem Grab Alexandros' [4] d.Gr. errichteter Bau (von Ptolemaios [7] IV. dann mit dem Alexandergrab zu einem zusammenhängenden Mausoleumskomplex verschmolzen). Weitere P. entstanden u. a. in Athen (Gymnasion), Limyra (?) und Rhodos (Temenos). Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography J. Borchardt, Ein P. in Limyra, in: RA 1991, 309-322  Will, Bd. 1, 329.

[English version] (κενοτάφιον, lat. cenotaphium, wörtl. “leeres Grab”). Als K. bezeichnet die klass. Arch. einen Grabbau ohne die Überreste einer Bestattung; ein K. bildete in der Regel ein Ehrenmal für einen Verstorbenen, dessen Leichnam entweder nicht mehr greifbar war, wie z.B. bei in der Fremde oder auf See gefallenen Kriegern, oder aber eine besondere Form des Heroon (Heroenkult). Nicht selten stellte die Errichtung eines K. eine herausragende Ehrung seitens des Gemeinwesens oder der Familie au…

[English version] (griech. δίπτερος: zweiflügelig; mit doppeltem pterón = Umgang versehen). Bei Vitruv (3,1,10; 3,2,1; 3,2,7; 3,3,8; 7 praef. 15) überlieferter, ansonsten in der griech. Architekturterminologie nicht nachgewiesener t.t. für einen griech. Tempel mit mindestens acht Frontsäulen, dessen Cella allseitig von zwei, an den Schmalseiten u.U. von drei Säulenreihen umgeben ist. Das im Vergleich zum Peripteros mit seinem einfachen Säulenkranz überaus aufwendige, arbeits-, material- und transportin…

[English version] (Akroterion). Akroteria sind plastische Figuren oder Ornamentaufsätze, die den First (Mittel-A.) oder die Seiten (Seiten-A.) von Giebeln repräsentativer öffentlicher Gebäude zieren. A. können aus Ton oder Stein (Poros, Marmor) sein; im 7./6. Jh. v. Chr. dominieren zunächst ornamentierte, runde Scheiben-A. (z. B. Heraion von Olympia), später dann plastisch ausgearbeitete Pflanzenkombinationen (Voluten u. Palmetten) oder statuarische Figuren und Figurengruppen (Gorgo, Nike, Sphinx u. a. myth. Gestalten). Vgl. Bauplastik. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) B…

[English version] Ant. t.t. aus der Bautechnik (IG VII 3073, 121; 142). Im gr. Quaderbau bezeichnet A. das teilweise Abarbeiten der Kontaktflächen zwischen zwei Quadern oder Säulentrommeln (meist durch Pickung). Durch diese von außen unsichtbare Minimierung der Kontaktzone zweier Bauglieder konnte deren Paßgenauigkeit erhöht werden; die Fugen bildeten, von außen betrachtet, ein Netz von haarfeinen Linien. Nachteil der A. ist ein erhöhter Druck auf die reduzierten krafttragenden Flächen, was beim Versatz leicht zu Beschädigungen der Bauglieder führen konnte. Höcker, Christ…

[English version] I. Allgemeines Die arch. Forsch. versteht unter S. die denkmalhaft verwendete, aus ihrem angestammten architektonischen Kontext herausgelöste, meist von einer Skulptur, einer Skulpturengruppe oder einem Gegenstand bekrönte Säule, entweder in der Art eines isoliert stehenden Einzelmonuments oder aber in gruppenartiger Aneinanderreihung. Beiden Varianten gemeinsam ist die durch die extrem überhöhte, weithin sichtbare Vertikale der Säule bewirkte Heraushebung des auf dem Kapitell plaz…

[English version] (Angiportus). Durchgang; synonym zu vicus. Nach Vitr. 1,6,1 im Gegensatz zu platea und via eine enge Gasse oder Nebenstraße, z. T. Sackgasse in der röm. Stadtanlage. Größere Häuser hatten einen vom A. erreichbaren rückwärtigen Zugang. Vgl. Städtebau; Straßen. Straßenbau. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography W. H. Groß, s. v. Angiportus, KlP 1, 352.

[English version] Bei Vitruv [1. s.v. l.] überl., dortselbst mehrfach auch als lacunaria (Pl.) bezeichneter architektonischer t.t. für die vertieften Kassetten, die als Deckenverkleidung zwischen sich kreuzenden Holzbalken angebracht waren (Überdachung); die griech. Entsprechung lautet phátnōma, gastḗr, kaláthōsis [2. 45-52 mit weiterer Benennung von Details der L.]. L. waren in der Regel plastisch eingetieft und mit Malerei bzw. Relief (meist ornamental) verziert. Am Tempel bzw. dem Säulenbau, ihrem zunächst ausschließlichen Anbri…

[English version] Vermutlich um 130 n.Chr. unter Hadrianus begonnenes, 139 n.Chr. durch Antoninus Pius vollendetes und mit der Überführung und feierlichen Beisetzung des zuvor in Puteoli provisorisch bestatteten Leichnams des Hadrian eingeweihtes Grab-Monument am Westufer des Tibers; eigentlich in den Horti Domitiae gelegen, aber mit dem Campus Martius über die neuerbaute Pons Aelius (134 n.Chr. eingeweiht) unmittelbar verbunden. Der zweigeschossige Rundbau des M.H. (Dm: ca. 64 m; einstige Höhe: ca. 21 m) erhob sich auf einem quadratischen Unterb…

[English version] Von lat. puteus (“Brunnen”) abgeleitete Bezeichnung für die Einfassung von z. T. überdeckelten profanen Ziehbrunnen oder die steinerne Markierung heiliger Blitzmale. P. waren bes. in der neoattischen Kunst des Hell. ein beliebter Träger von Reliefskulptur. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography E. Bielefeld, Ein neuattisches P. in Kopenhagen, in: Gymnasium 70, 1963, 338-356  K. Schneider, s. v. P., RE 23, 2034-2036  O. Viedebantt, s. v. Forum Romanum (46. Das Puteal Libonis), RE Suppl. 4, 511.

[English version] A. Definition Unter M. werden im folgenden die verschiedenen Konstruktions- und Gestaltungstechniken des Aufbaus von Gebäudewänden, Terrassierungsmauern und Schutz-Architekturen (Stadtmauern usw.) im antiken Steinbau verstanden, nicht jedoch die verschiedenen Anwendungsbereiche des Holzbaus; vgl. Bautechnik; Materiatio; zur röm. Zementbauweise vgl. auch Opus Caementicium. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) B. Griechenland [English version] 1. Einfaches Mauerwerk Die Wände einfacher frühgriech. Bauten bestanden zunächst aus Holz- bzw. Fle…

[English version] Architekt aus Samos, baute gegen ein beträchtliches Honorar für Dareios [1] I. im Jahr 513/2 v.Chr. im Kontext des Skythen-Feldzuges die Schiffsbrücke über den Bosporus (Hdt. 4,87,1ff.). Berühmtheit erlangte M. durch ein in das Heraion von Samos gestiftetes Weihgeschenk: ein von Herodot (4,88,1-89,2) detailliert beschriebenes Tafelgemälde, das die (Ponton-)Brücke darstellte und den Erbauer in einem Epigramm rühmte. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography H. Svenson-Evers, Die griech. Architekten archa. und klass. Zeit, 1996, 59-66 (mit wei…

[English version] Sammelbezeichnung für unterirdisch angelegte Architekturen. Das H. bildet im mod. Verständnis überwiegend einen Teilbereich der Grabbauten, wobei mit H. eine unter das Erdniveau gesetzte Architektur gemeint ist und nicht eine mit Erdreich überschüttete, zunächst oberirdisch erbaute im Sinne des Tumulus mit einer Grabkammer darin; ferner können (mit einem Grab wesensmäßig eng verwandte) Heroa (z.B. dasjenige von Kalydon) sowie Baulichkeiten für besondere Kultanlagen (z.B. das Nekr…

[English version] (γυναικωνῖτις). Im Gegensatz zum andrṓn [4] bezeichnet g. den introvertierten Frauentrakt im griech. Haus, der in der Regel von dem eher extrovertierten Bereich der Männerwelt abgeschlossen im Obergeschoß des Gebäudes lag und auch die Werkzeuge der wirtschaftlichen Produktion der Frau (Webstuhl, Spinnrad etc.) barg; die mindere Stellung der Frau in der patriarchalischen Gesellschaft Griechenlands kam in dieser Hierarchisierung der baulichen Verhältnisse zum Ausdruck. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography W.Hoepfner, E.L. Schwandner, Haus und St…

[English version] (αἴθουσα). Bei Homer (Od. 17,29; 18,102; 22,466; Il. 6,243; 20,11) die Bezeichnung für die Eingangshalle des Hauses, die mit Säulen versehen und mit dem Hoftor verbunden ist. Der davor gelegene Teil heißt Prothyron (Il. 24,323; Od. 3,493). Eingangshallen dieser Art finden sich bereits an den Palästen des 2. Jt. und in der frühgriech. Hausarchitektur; sie werden dann gängiges Element am griech. Tempel. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography F. Noack, Homer. Paläste, 1903, 53  H. L. Lorimer, Homer and the Monuments, 1950, 415-422  H. Drerup, ArchHom II, O (Bau…

[German version] A. Definition and function The Graeco-Roman altar (ἐσχάρα, βωμός; eschára, bōmós; Lat. ara, ‘fireplace’) is defined by its function and not as an object of a certain type. An altar can be an ephemeral natural or artificial elevation, hearth or building for sacrifices involving fire, drink or other elements (in contrast to the sacrificial pit dug into the ground, the βόθρος [ bóthros], Hom. Od. 10, 517; Lucian Char. 22) and marks the centre of a sacrificial act. There are sanctuaries without a  temple, but never without an altar ([23. 150]; a…

[German version] [1] Barrier in a Roman circus Term for the massive elongated barrier that divided a Roman circus into two tracks running in opposite directions. A spina was usually walled and variously decorated (e.g. with statues); at its ends stood the metae (Meta [2]) that marked the turning point of the running track. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography J. Humphrey, Roman Circuses, 1986, Index s. v. S. [German version] [2] City at the mouth of the Spines This item can be found on the following maps: Venetic | Etrusci, Etruria | Colonization Etruscan city at the mouth of th…

(γυμνάσιον; gymnásion). [German version] I. Building style Public facility for sporting and musical leisure activities in the Greek polis; the term is derived from γυμνός/ gymnós (naked) and refers to the  nakedness at sports practices and competitions. Synonymous with gymnasium for the period from the 4th cent. BC in ancient written sources as well as in modern specialized literature is the concept of the  palaistra (cf. Vitruvius 5,11). This as the ‘Wrestler school’ originally referred only to a functionally determine…

(Πύθιον/ Pýthion). [German version] [1] Term for Attic sanctuaries to Apollo A term rarely used in modern archaeology but common in Antiquity for various Athenian and Attic sanctuaries to Apollo: 1. in southeast Athens on the right bank of the Ilissus (inscriptions, tripod bases extant); 2. cave sanctuary in the cliff on the northwest side of the Acropolis (numerous finds; however, often denoted in ancient literature with the cult name of Apóllōn Hypakraîos); 3. near the Daphni monastery on the sacred way to Eleusis (of undetermined location but presumably the sourc…

[German version] [1] Cretan port This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Colonization | Aegean Koine (Κόμμος; Kómmos). Port on the southern coast of Crete, situated near Matala and Phaestus. In the Minoan period K., which was founded around 2000 BC, probably served as the harbour for the palace of Phaestus, until its destruction around 1200 BC. After being deserted for c. 200 years, it was resettled around 1000 BC, presumably the result of Phoenician stimuli, and was increasingly Hellenized until the 4th cent. BC. Archaeological excavations (…

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Dark Ages | Alexander | Ionic | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Pompeius | Delian League | Education / Culture (Ἁλικαρνασσός; Halikarnassós). [German version] I. Location Coastal city in the south of  Caria on the Gulf of Ceramus, modern Bodrum. The plan of the city (Str. 14,2,16; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἁ.; Vitr. De arch. 2,8,10-14) resembled the seating arrangement of a theatre: a circular harbour bay, the ‘enclosed harbour’ (λιμὴν κλειστός, Ps.-Scyl. 98a), framed on both sides by …

[German version] (Μαυσ(σ)ωλεῖον; Maus(s)ōleîon; Lat. mausoleum). Monumental tomb for the satrap Maussollus of Caria (died 353 BC) and his wife Artemisia [2] (died 351 BC) near the city of Halicarnassus in Lycia, probably only completed during the time of Alexander. It was counted as one of the Wonders of the World and became eponymous for a standard type of representative funerary architecture. Modern archaeology has focused much on the monument, which was frequently discussed and described in ancient literature (Str. 14,656 ff.; Diod. Sic. 16,45; Plin. HN 36, 30-31 and passim). Scan…

[German version] I. Near East and Egypt In the Near East, the residential ground plan was usually of a rectangular shape containing multiple cells. Clay bricks were the most important building material in Mesopotamia, while stone was more frequently used in Iran, Syria and Asia Minor. The typical Babylonian residential house consists of rooms around a central courtyard. It usually has only one entrance and a main hall located to the south, directed away from the midday sun. The Neo-Assyrian residence, …

[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt Ancient Near East and Egypt In Near Eastern archaeology, orthostats are standing stone slabs, which in the Anatolian region originally protected the base of walls from backsplash. From the 9th cent. onwards, especially in the Neo-Assyrian palaces, they were used as mounts for static and narrative reliefs. The narrative cycles in the palaces of the rulers Assurnaṣirpal II. in Kalḫu, Sennacherib and Assurbanipal in Nineveh (Ninos [2]) are famous. In the contemporar…

[German version] [1] Architectural term (κρηπίς/ krēpís, κρηπίδωμα/ krēpídōma). Ancient term, documented frequently in building inscriptions, for the stepped base which served as the foundation for various edifices, but particularly for Greek colonnade construction (sources: Ebert 7-9). The krepis rests on the euthynteria (the top layer of the foundation, the first to be precisely planed) and ends in the stylobate, the surface on which the columns stand. The shaping of the initially one- or two-stepped krepis in the early 6th cent. BC is an important result of the comi…

[German version] I. General Cisterns as storage for rain water or as reservoirs for spring and well water were customary and necessary for a regulated and sufficient  water supply in the climatically unfavourable regions of the southern and eastern Mediterranean, both as small systems for individual houses and farms and as communal systems for settlements. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) [German version] II. Ancient Orient s.  Water supply I. D. Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) [German version] III. Phoenician-Punic region Systems for securing the water supply by collecting …

[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt There is evidence of vaults and arches in western Asia, chiefly in crypts and on canals. There are only few surviving examples of the vaulting of above ground spaces. Both true and corbelled vaults are documented, over quite small or passage-like rooms, posterns, staircase substructures and doorway, gateway and bridge arches. Barrel vaults and domes were comparatively common, primarily on storage spaces and furnaces. For the most part techniques were used in…

(Κόροιβος; Kóroibos). [German version] [1] Hero founder of Tripodiscus in the Megaris Hero founder of Tripodiscus in the Megaris. The legend is told in Callim. Fr. 26-31 in connection with an Argive aition according to the local historians Agias and Dercylus (FGrH 305 F 8 to) [1]:  Linus, the son of Apollo and  Psamathe, is torn apart by dogs, and Psamathe is killed by her father  Crotopus. As a punishment Apollo sends a child-murdering demon, the Poineḗ or   Ker , to Argus. When the brave C. kills the monster, the god sends a further plague, whereupon…

(Δάφνις; Dáphnis). [German version] [1] Mythical cowherd Mythical cowherd of Sicilian tradition, son of  Hermes (Stesich. fr. 102 PMG = Ael. VH 10.18; Timaeus, FGrH 566 F 83; Diod. Sic. 4,84,2). He died still a youth because of an unfortunate love affair with a  nymph and was honoured with ritual mourning songs typical of those for Adonis (Theoc. 1,64ff.; 7,73ff.). In bucolic poetry he served as the ideal for the adolescent shepherd and was seen as the originator of the shepherd's song (e.g. Diod. 4,84,3). Despite the Greek name (from   dáphnē : ‘laurel’), the fig…

(δελφίς/ delphís and δελφίν/ delphín, Lat. delphinus and delphin). [German version] [1] Representative of the small viviparous whale A frequent representative in the Mediterranean of the small viviparous  whale, with a spout (αὐλός; aulós), articulation of sounds, and pulmonary respiration (Aristot. Hist. an. 1,5,489a 35-b 5; 4,9,535b 32-536a 4; 8,2,589a 31-b 11 with a discussion of its role as an aquatic animal, ἔνυδρος; énydros), was admired chiefly by the Greeks as ‘king of marine animals’ (or of fishes; Ael. NA 15,17; Opp. Hal. 1,643 and 5,421 or 441). …

[German version] I. Ancient Orient In Middle Eastern archaeology intarsia is the term for the laying of decorative elements of different materials onto or into a substratum. To achieve better colour contrasts, combinations of different materials, especially coloured stones, shells, bones, ivory, metals, ceramics, glass and silicate were used; the most common substrata were stone, metal, wood and clay/ceramics. The binder was usually bitumen. The oldest examples of intarsia were found in the preceramic Neolithic of Palestine ( c. 8000 BC; e.g. gypsum-coated human skulls wi…

[German version] [1] Part of the Roman atrium house Part of the Roman atrium house ( House;  Atrium). The term ala designates two opposing rooms, open in their full width and height, that form the cross axis in front of the tablinum or main room of the house. Alae were very common in Roman home construction; Vitruvius lists the correct proportions for design (6,3,4). The origin of the design type is unclear. The conjecture that, in Vitruvius' description of the Tuscan temple (4,7,1), the term for the two outer cellae of the Etruscan temple ( Temple) is alae (instead of aliae, as the text has…

[German version] I. Egypt and the Ancient Orient As a statically significant building element, whether in wood or modelled from stone or brick, the column played different roles in Egypt and the Ancient Orient. In Egypt columns were a component of almost every form of architecture, from roof-bearing wooden posts in family residences to extravagantly shaped stone columns in temples and palaces. Having bases and capitals, the latter, too, betrayed the evolution from wooden columns. Columns frequently took on the shape of plants; they were probably always painted. Columns were used sp…

[German version] I. Near East and Egypt Near East: the lack of preliminary studies makes a comprehensive account of the Old Oriental building world across several periods impossible; investigations exist for only a few selective periods. It is the Neo-Assyrian period (1st half of the 1st millennium BC), which to date provides the clearest insight because of the availability of extensive source material in respect of the architecture of palaces, temples and fortifications. Royal inscriptions prove the i…

(Greek ταινία/ tainía). Term for bindings of all kinds. [German version] [1] Headband for festivals (Head)band, worn at Greek festivals (Pl. Symp. 212d.e, 213d; Xen. Symp. 5,9). Even gods wore, or bound their heads with, tainiai. (Paus. 1,8,4). Furthermore, cult images (Paus. 8,31,8; 10,35,10), trees (Theocr. 18,44), monuments [3], urns, sacrificial animals and deceased (Lucian, Dial. mort. 13,4) had tainiai wound round them. The Romans adopted tainiai from the Greeks (e.g. Ov. Met. 8,724 f.). As a sign of a victor and of success (Paus. 4,16,6; 6,20,10; 9,22,3…

[German version] [1] Vitruvius Vaccus, Marcus According to Livy (8,19,4-8,20,10), V. was an influential citizen of Fundi (Fondi) who led the revolt against Rome that was undertaken by Privernum (Piperno) with the support of Fondi in 330/329 BC.  After the failed insurrection he was executed in Rome.  It is difficult to explain V's role in this revolt, given that he was clearly not an unimportant figure in Rome and owned a house there, which was then destroyed by decree of the Senate (Cic. Dom. 101 sti…

[German version] I. Ancient Orient In Egypt and the Near East, the history of the brick and its predecessor, the mud brick, dates back to the 8th/7th millennia BC. The raw material was generally a local mixture from clay/loam and sand/gravel, in Egypt the silt deposits of the Nile. The mixture, made lean through the addition of vegetal (chopped) straw, chaff, mineral (crushed stones or potsherds) or waste material (animal dung), was shaped into bricks in wooden frames. After drying out in the sun, th…

Roman family name, attested since the 2nd cent. BC [1. 189-203]. Several artists belonged to this gens. [German version] [1] Architect mentioned by Vitruvius The  architect C., whom Vitruvius (7, praef. 15ff.) called a civis romanus, probably under  Antiochus [6] IV Epiphanes (ruled 176/5-164 BC) in  Athens ‘took over the construction of the Olympieion using a large measure according to Corinthian symmetries and proportions ’(Vitr. De arch. 7, praef. 17). The late archaic new construction of the Zeus temple, which was begun unde…

[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt Ancient oriental houses usually had small highly placed window slits. Internal spaces in larger architectural complexes required special lighting by means of a clerestory or openable skylights in the ceiling. Findings in Egypt are in principle similar. Some wider window openings there had richly decorated grilles. Sievertsen, Uwe (Tübingen) Bibliography D. Arnold, s.v. Fenster, Lexicon der ägyptischen Baukunst, 80-82 G. Leick, A Dictionary of Near Eastern Architecture, 1988, 242-244. [German version] II. Greece and Rome As a means …

(Μεγακλῆς; Megaklês). A name that was increasingly common in the Athenian house of the Alcmaeonids in the 7th-5th cents. BC. [German version] [1] Árchon (632/1? B.C.) according to Plutarch The first historical M. Plutarch (Solon 12,1) designates him by name as the árchōn (632/1?), allegedly responsible for the defeat of the Cylonian revolution ( Cylon [1]) and the subsequent curse of the Alcmaeonids (Hdt. 5,71; Thuc. 1,126). Peisistratids Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Develin, 30f. PA 9688 Traill, PAA 636340. [German version] [2] Politican and strongman in 6th-ce…

I. Ancient Orient [German version] A. General Points Despite its central importance to the origin and development of settlements, the supply of water for drinking and other uses in the cities of the ancient Orient has to date not been systematically studied. The analysis of the numerous archaeological discoveries is made difficult by the fact that in most cases they have not been adequately recorded, in others not at all. Individual exceptions are the water installations in the cities and fortresses of ancient Israel, which have been accurately recorded and studied in depth [5]. A.M.B. …

[German version] [1] Greek architect, 3rd cent. BC Greek architect of the 3rd cent. BC; according to Str. 10,5,7 and 13,1,13, he built a state altar, 1 stadium long ( Measures), from the material of an abandoned temple near Parium; it is presumably depicted on coins (London, BM) and could be compared with the Hieronian monumental altar of  Syracusae. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography Overbeck, 2086-2087 (sources) G. A. Mansuelli, s.v. H., EAA 4, 1961, 13 (with fig. 18). [German version] [2] Epigrammatist, 3rd cent. BC Epigrammatist whose existence cannot be proven with…

[German version] 1. Central room in the ancient Italian and Roman house with lateral cubicula (sleeping chambers) and rear tablinum (room serving as passage between the atrium and the peristylion) flanked by the   alae which had no door. Early forms of the atrium are reproduced in Etruscan chamber tombs (Cerveteri), the oldest evidence is represented by Etruscan domestic architecture at the end of the 6th cent. BC in Rome (the Palatine) and in the Etruscan Marzabotto. The early Roman atrium served as a reception room for the clientes whom the patron received while sitting on the solium. In …

I.Near East and Egypt [German version] A. Near East From the earliest times clay was the most important building material in Mesopotamia, along with reeds in the marshlands of the extreme south. With only a few exceptions, stone architecture, in a fairly strict sense of the term, is not found either in Babylon, which was lacking in raw materials other than limestone lodes, or in Assyria. When stone was used it was mainly for functional purposes, e.g. in laying foundations. Only in late Assyrian monumenta…

[German version] A. I. Middle East Since Neolithic times, the most important building material in Mesopotamia has been the unkilned clay brick. A more extensive use of stone can be found in western regions of the Old Orient, in particular Asia Minor, and in Iran during Persian times. The typical New Assyrian house is divided into two sections: a forecourt with utility rooms and an inner courtyard with residential quarters. By contrast, rooms in a Babylonian house as of the 3rd millennium are usually …

(Μεταγένης; Metagénēs). [German version] [1] Attic poet of the Old Comedy, 5th/4th cent. BC Attic poet of the last years of the Old Comedy (end of the 5th and early 4th cent. BC), listed among the winners at the Lenaea with two victories, immediately before Theopompus [1. test. 2]. The Suda mentions the titles of five plays: Αὖραι ἢ Μαμμάκυθος , Θουριοπέρσαι, Φιλοθύτης, Ὅμηρος ἢ Ἀσκηταί (or Ὅμηρος ἢ Σοφισταί [1. fr. 11]) [1. test. 1]. The plays have been lost, except for a few fragments. In the most extensive fragment (11 V. from the Θουριοπέρσαι) the na…

(Παιώνιος; Paiṓnios). [German version] [1] Greek sculptor from Mende, 5th cent. BC Sculptor from Mende. The only known surviving original work by P. is a statue of Nike on a triangular pillar in front of the Temple of Zeus in Olympia, which according to its inscription and a statement by Pausanias (5,26,1) was dedicated by the Messenians. Pausanias suggests that the occasion of the dedication was a victory in 455 BC, whereas the inscription points to the victory of Sphacteria (425 BC); on stylistic grounds …

[English version] I. Alter Orient und Ägypten An altoriental. Wohnhäusern gab es zumeist nur kleine hochgelegene F.-Schlitze. Innere Räume größerer Architekturkomplexe erforderten bes. Beleuchtung durch Obergaden oder verschließbare Oberlichter in den Decken. Der Befund in Ägypten ist prinzipiell ähnlich. Weite F.-Öffnungen besaßen dort teilweise reich verzierte F.-Gitter. Sievertsen, Uwe (Tübingen) Bibliography D. Arnold, s.v. F., Lex. der ägypt. Baukunst, 80-82 G. Leick, A Dictionary of Near Eastern Architecture, 1988, 242-244. [English version] II. Griechenland u…

[English version] A. I. Vorderer Orient Wichtigstes Baumaterial Mesopotamiens ist seit dem Neolithikum der ungebrannte Lehmziegel. Ausgiebigere Verwendung von Stein begegnet in westl. Regionen des Alten Orients, insbes. in Kleinasien, und im perserzeitlichen Iran. Das typische neuassyr. Wohnhaus ist zweigeteilt in Vorhof mit Wirtschaftsräumen und Innenhof mit Wohnquartieren. Demgegenüber sind die Räume beim babylon. Wohnhaus seit dem 3. Jt. üblicherweise um einen einzigen Zentralhof angeordnet. Größe…

[English version] 1. Zentraler Raum im altital. und röm. Haus, mit seitlichen cubicula (Schlafgemächer) und rückwärtigem, von den türlosen alae flankiertem tablinum (Vorbau). Frühformen des A. sind in etr. Kammergräbern (Cerveteri) nachgebildet, die ältesten Belege in der Hausarchitektur E. des 6.Jh. v.Chr. in Rom (Palatin) und im etr. Marzabotto. Das frühröm. a. diente als Empfangsraum für die Klientel, die der Patron im solium sitzend empfing. Im zentralen impluvium mit Zisterne wurde das Regenwasser gesammelt. Vitruv (6,3,1ff.) unterscheidet fünf Typen, das a. testudinat…