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[German Version] The concept of philosophy of life or vitalism cannot be defined unambiguously; it is used as a label by a wide variety of philosophical schools. Their common denominator is that they begin with a view of life (IV) as a primary and immediate force or creative process, with less emphasis on being and more on becoming. In transcending the rationalistic subject/object division, they prefer a holistic vision that treats mind and body as one. Since the end of the 19th century, this visi…

[German Version] (Feb 21, 1921, Baltimore, MD – Nov 24, 2002, Lexington, MA). The English-speaking world owes to the philosopher Rawls the most important 20th-century contribution to political ethics. His monumental work A Theory of Justice (1971, 21999) succeeds in making …

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[German Version] I. Bible – II. Philosophy – III. History of Theology and Dogmatics – IV. Ethics – V. Law – VI. Social Politics, Social Ethics – VII. Missiology – VIII. Islam I. Bible 1. Ancient Near East and Old Testament The concept of justice in the ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible is basically one of connectivity. It designates the positive relation of the king to the gods and to his people, of the individual to the various collectives ranging from the family to the entire nation, of the deed to the doer's well-being,…