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1. Einführung 1.1. AllgemeinZwischen dem 15. und dem 19. Jh. durchlief die W., verstanden als Überbegriff für die materielle Reproduktion des menschlichen Lebens und die spezifische Art der damit verbundenen materiellen Austauschbeziehungen, einen dramatischen Veränderungsprozess. Dieser lässt sich nicht allein auf evidente Phänomene wie die Zunahme der hergestellten Güter und Dienstleistungen sowie die damit korrespondierende Steigerung des allgemeinen Wohlstands, die Vermehrung des technischen Wi…

1. DefinitionThe expression classical economics (or classical  political economics [5. 19–21]), originally coined by Karl Marx, denotes an era of economic thought extending roughly from 1750 to 1850, primarily in the context of the British and French Enlightenment. Its most important protagonists include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, Jean Baptiste Say, and John Stuart Mill. The term  classical is meant to indicate that in these authors economic theory in a sense found its classic expression: here were fashioned the concepts and theore…

1. Law 1.1. ConceptProperty is what is “proper” (Latin  proprius, “one’s own”) to something or someone. German calqued rather than borrowed the Latin to Eigentum ( eigen = proprius) [20]. In the German legal tradition,  Eigentum denotes the right to have a (usually) physical thing, and thus effects the legal distinction between “mine” and “yours.” This normative ascription yields the legal power to dispose of the thing and to exclude others from influence upon it. However, exercise of this right of disposal is limited by rights …

1. Introduction 1.1. GeneralBetween the 15th and 19th centuries, the economy – understood as an umbrella term for the material replication of human life and the specific nature of the associated material exchange relationships – underwent a dramatic process of change. This change cannot be reduced to obvious phenomena like the increase in manufactured goods and services and the associated rise in the general level of prosperity, the proliferation of technological knowledge, and the expansion of tra…

1. Definition 1.1. MeaningThe term  political economy has three overlapping meanings:1) As used in Old Europe, the term originally meant the internal economic and social constitution of a systematic order structured and guaranteed by authority;  as yet no distinction was made or even possible between the particular analytic and normative meanings (Oeconomica of Old Europe).2) Subsequently (and in part contrary to this older meaning [45]) the term came to denote the theory of economic relationships and their configuration (actual or potential) at the hand…

1. Europe 1.1. TermThe term economic ethics refers, first, to the attitudes that underlie actions in the individual economy; secondly it describes normative notions of right and just economic activity. The setting of social standards in economic activity does not necessarily coincide with actual practices; divergences give cause for economic-ethical reflection.How a particular economic ethics becomes effective in the economy is evident on the basis of the question of the connection between economic-ethical notions and the relevant economic ord…