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al-Fatḥ b. Khāqān
(609 words)
Al-Fatḥ b. Khāqān (b. c. 200/817–8, d. 247/861–2) was an ʿAbbāsid courtier, diplomat, and scholar. His father, Khāqān ʿUrṭūj, was probably of Turkic/Inner Asian noble origin, as the (reconstructed) name suggests. There are no indications of ties to the Farghāna (Fergana) valley (pace Pinto, “Favorito,” 134) nor of enslavement of any family members, as was the case with many of the so-called Atrāk (Inner Asian soldiers, lit., Turks) of ʿAbbāsid Sāmarrāʾ. The family probably represented the presence…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
al-Balawī
(731 words)
Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallāh b. Muḥammad al-Madīnī
al-Balawī was an Egyptian historian and minor traditionist, possibly of Imāmī affiliation. His dates are unknown. Citing internal evidence in
Sīrat Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn, the text for which al-Balawī is best known, Shayyal argues plausibly that he flourished in the late fourth/tenth century, suggesting that he wrote for a member of the short-lived Ikhshīdid dynasty of Egypt (r. 323–58/935–69). The
Fihrist of Ibn al-Nadīm (d. 385/995) is the chief source of later biographical entries (1/2:681); the
Tanqīḥ al-maqāl of al-Mamāqānī (d. 1933) p…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
ʿAskar Mukram
(418 words)
ʿAskar Mukram (lit., Mukram’s camp) was a town in Khūzistān (in present-day southwestern Iran, on the head of the Persian Gulf), north of Ahwāz, approximately at the junction of the Dujayl River (today the Kārūn) and the Masruqān Canal (the present-day Āb-i Gargar). The site, probably a late first/seventh-century cantonment, stood adjacent to a Sāsānid town, Rustam Kuwādh, which was destroyed during the Arab/Muslim conquests. Questions surround ʿAskar Mukram’s earliest history. Two conflicting accounts in al-Balādhurī (382–3) associate the eponym Mukram with …
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
al-Faḍl b. Marwān
(615 words)
Al-Faḍl b. Marwān (b. c. 160/777, d. 250/864) was an ʿAbbāsid courtier and diplomat. Dominique Sourdel has assessed the information available in the Arabic sources: the central references are found in al-Ṭabarī’s
Taʾrīkh, with further details provided by the
Taʾrīkh of al-Yaʿqūbī and other historiographic works and by select
adab texts, notably al-Tanūkhī’s
Nishwār al-muḥādara, the source of key remarks. Al-Faḍl’s career is to be set against the backdrop of two interrelated developments: the expansion of the ʿAbbāsid imperial state, in which the employme…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Benjamin Franklin's Intellectual World
(122 words)
Bibliographic entry in Chapter 2: The Se…
Source:
The SHAFR Guide Online
Ways of War: American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty-First Century
(91 words)
Bibliographic entry in Chapter 1: Refere…
Source:
The SHAFR Guide Online
