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[German Version] I. Antiquity The persecution of Jews is a matter of measures and action directed against Jews and Judaism and intended to limit or destroy the foundations of Jewish life. The spectrum of anti-Jewish actions ranges from legal discrimination and prohibition of the practice of Jewish religion to expulsions and violent attacks on life and limb. As a rule, the term applies only to Jews living as a minority in the Diaspora (II); it is inappropriate for military conflicts between the Jewis…

[German Version] I. History – II. Literature – III. From the Muslim Perspective – IV. Effects on the Jews I. History 1. Concept The Middle Ages did not develop a clear term for the crusades. The word itself is only documented at a late point. What research calls the crusades in the narrower sense of the word are the crusades which were begun at the end of the 11th century by Latin Christendom to reconquer or defend Jerusalem and the Holy Land. The conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 by the Christ…