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1. Rediscovery of ancient textsIntensive study of Latin and Greek manuscripts as material evidence of classical intellectual and cultural history is regarded as a defining characteristic of Humanism, the aspirational educational and cultural movement that spread from Italy in the 14th century, sweeping the whole of Europe by the 16th [2]; [7]. Monastic scriptoria had maintained an almost continual effort of conserving and caring for ancient and medieval texts throughout the Middle Ages, primarily for teaching and educational purposes. Such mos…

1. Survey: definition and scopeIn Europe and the territories of European expansionism overseas and in Asia, Latin, the language of the  Imperium Romanum, was the primary, though not exclusive, medium of written communication of a not clearly definable transnational community from late antiquity until well into the 19th century; the members of this community counted on a shared language that transcended ,the ideological alignments of the moment, making it possible for them to communicate about the widest possible ra…