, son of Rāy Sahrā entitled Ḳuṭb al-Dīn, the founder of the Langāh dynasty of Multān, who had usurped the throne by treacherously ousting his son-in-law, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Yūsuf Ḳurays̲h̲ī, succeeded to the rule on the death of his father in 874/1469. Adventurous by nature, he began his reign by launching a succession of campaigns against the neighbouring forts of S̲h̲ōr (modern S̲h̲orkōt́), Činiōt́ [ q.v.] and Kahrōŕ (modern Kahrōŕ Pucca), which he easily reduced. At this time S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Yūsuf Ḳurays̲h̲ī, who had taken refuge with Buhlōl Lōdī, the king of Delhi, p…

b. Muḥammad Ars̲h̲ad al-ʿUmarī al-Hargāmī , b. Muḥ. Ṣālih b. ʿAbd al-Wād̲j̲id b. ʿAbd al-Mād̲j̲id b. Ḳāḍī Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḥanafī , was a contemporary of S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Dihlawī, and the first Indian Muslim scholar to have accepted the post of muftī and ṣadr al-ṣudūr of Delhi under the East India Company, the highest office, equivalent to the modern sub-judge in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent; which the Company could confer on its native employees. His duties, as ṣadr al-ṣudūr, included examining candidates for the posts of ḳāḍī s, scrutiny of request…

al-ʿUmarī , al-Ḥanafī , al-Māturīdī , al-Čīs̲h̲tī (not al-Ḥabas̲h̲ī as misread by Brockelmann, S II, 458), al-K̲h̲ayrābādī b. Faḍl-i Imām [ q.v.] was born at K̲h̲ayrābād [ q.v.] in 1211/1796-7. Having studied first at home with his father, he later studied ḥadīt̲h̲ with S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Ḳādir al-Dihlawī [ q.v.] and at the age of thirteen completed his studies. He entered service as a pīs̲h̲kār to the Commissioner of Delhi under the East India Company and later served with the Chiefs of Ḏj̲had̲j̲d̲j̲ar, Alwar, Tonk and Rāmpur. He was a le…

, abū ’l-muʾayyid raḍī al-dīn , also called ʿAbd al-Bāḳī or Muḥamma Bāḳī b. ʿAbd al-Salām Uwaysī Naḳs̲h̲bandī, was born at Kābul on 5 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 971/16 Dec. 1563 and died at Delhi on Saturday, 25 Ḏj̲umādā II 1012/2 July, 1603. He received his early education from Ṣādiḳ Ḥalwāʾī, in whose company he went to Samarḳand to pursue his studies further. It was during his stay there that he cultivated a taste for taṣawwuf . On the invitation of some of his friends, who held high posts in India, he left for that country, but instead of entering the Imperial army, as i…

, ṣadr al-dīn ḵh̲ān b. luṭf allāh , Indian writer of Kas̲h̲mīrī extraction, was born in Delhi in 1204/1789. He learnt the traditional sciences from S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz and S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Ḳādir [ qq.v.] and the rational sciences from Faḍl-i Imām of Ḵh̲ayrābād, whom he succeeded in 1243/ 1827 as the last grand muftī and ṣadr al-ṣudūr of Imperial Delhi. In addition to his proficiency in various branches of knowledge he was a great authority on the Urdū language, and celebrated poets like G̲h̲ālib and Muʾmin often invited his opini…

, surnamed Mak̲h̲dūm-i Ḏj̲ahāniyān D̲j̲ahāngas̲h̲t , one of the early pīr s of India, was the son of Sayyid Aḥmad Kabīr whose father Sayyid D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn-i Surk̲h̲ had migrated from Buk̲h̲ārā to Multān and Bhakkar [ q.v.]. A descendant of Imām ʿAlī al-Naḳī, his father was a disciple of Rukn al-Dīn Abu ’l-Fatḥ, son and successor of Bahāʾ al-Dīn Zakariyyā [ q.v.]. Born 707/1308 at Uččh, where he also lies buried, he was educated in his home-town and in Multān but seems to have left for the Ḥid̲j̲āz at a very young age in search of more knowledge. He is re…

, foster-brother of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh, King of Delhi (1161/1748-1167/1754) was born in Delhi c. 1140/1727. His father Mīrzā ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān “Nukta” was a courtier of Muḥammad S̲h̲āh [ q.v.]. His uncle Īrad̲j̲ Ḵh̲ān was the nāẓim of Murs̲h̲idābād during the reign of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh. A composer of poetry in both Urdu and Persian, he wrote under the pen-name of “fug̲h̲ān ” ( fig̲h̲ān ) and enjoyed the title of “Ẓarīf al-Mulk Kokaltās̲h̲ Ḵh̲ān Bahādur”, conferred on him by Aḥmad S̲h̲āh. He lived in Delhi till the dethronement of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh in 1167/1754, when he left for Murs̲h̲idābād. He …

, town and bead-quarters of the district of the same name in the province of Uttar Pradesh (India), situated in 26° 5′ N. and 83° 12′ E. on the river Tōns, notorious for its frequent and devastating floods; it was founded in 1076/1665-6 by Aʿẓam Ḵh̲ān I, a scion of an influential Rād̲j̲pūt family, whose head Abhīman Singh, embraced Islām during the reign of Ḏj̲ahāngīr (1014/1605-1037/1627) and was named Dawlat Ḵh̲ān. Population in 1951: 26,632; distric…

, Urdu poet, born c. 1156/1743, was the youngest son of Mīrzā ʿĀrif D̲j̲ān, the younger brother of S̲h̲araf al-Dawla Ḳāsim D̲j̲ān, a grandee of the empire during the vizierate of D̲h̲u ’l-Faḳār al-Dawla Nad̲j̲af K̲h̲ān (a street in old Delhi, Galī Ḳāsim D̲j̲ān, is still named after S̲h̲araf al-Dawla; in it once resided many famous men, such as the Urdu-Persian poet G̲h̲ālib [ q.v.], S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn, the spiritual guide of the last Mughal emperor Bahādur S̲h̲āh “Zafar” [ q.v.], and the physician Raʾīs al-Aṭibbāʾ Muḥammad S̲h̲arīf K̲h̲ān, great-grandfather of S̲h̲if…

, one of the four pillars of Urdū literature and one of the greatest of Urdū poets, K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Mīr (with the tak̲h̲alluṣ of Dard) b. K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Muḥammad Nāṣir “ʿAndalīb” al-Ḥusaynī al-Buk̲h̲ārī al-Dihlawī, claimed descent from K̲h̲wādia Bahāʾ al-Dīn Naḳs̲h̲band and in the 25th step from the Imām Haṣan al-ʿAskarī [ q.v.]. Born in 1133/1720-21 in the decadent Imperial Dihlī, Dard received his education at home, mostly from his father, a very well-read man and the author of Nāla-i ʿAndalīb , a voluminous Persian allegory dealing with metaphysical and a…

, mīr g̲h̲ulām ʿalī b. nūḥ al-ḥusaynī al-wāsiṭī , b. at Bilgrām on 25 Ṣafar 1116/29 June 1704; he received his early education from Mīr Ṭufayl Muḥammad Bilgrāmī ( Subḥat al-Mard̲j̲ān 99-4) and later studied with Mīr ʿĀbd al-Ḏj̲alīl Bilgrāmī ( Maʾāt̲h̲ir al-Kirām , i, 257-77). In 1151/1738 he performed the pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina and learnt ḥadīt̲h̲ from S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Muḥammad Ḥayāt Sindī al-Madanī and ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Ṭanṭāwī ( Maʾāt̲h̲ir al-Kirām, i, 162). He returned to India in 1152/1739, and settled at Awrangābād where he died in 1200/1786; he was buried at Ḵ…

al-Muhād̲j̲ir al-Hindī al-Makkī b. Muḥammad Amīn al-Fārūḳī , the spiritual guide and preceptor of a number of leading religious personalities of India (including Muḥammad Ḳāsim al-Nānawtawī, founder of the Dār al-ʿUlūm at Deōband [ q.v.], Ras̲h̲īd Aḥmad al-Anṣārī of Gańgōh (d. 1323/1905), a well-known muḥaddit̲h̲ , faḳīh , divine and scholar of his days and As̲h̲raf ʿAlī Thānawī [ q.v.]), was born at Nānawta (dist. Sahāranpūr, India) in 1231/1815. A ḥāfiẓ of the Ḳurʾān, he was moderately well educated in Persian, Arabic grammar and syntax and…

, mīrzā ʿabd al-ḳādir b. ʿabd al-ḵh̲āliḳ arlās (or Barlās), of Buk̲h̲āran origin, was born at ʿAẓīmābād (Patna) in 1054/1644, where his family had settled. He losthis father in 1059/1649 and wasbrought up by his uncle Mīrzā Ḳalandar (d. 1076/1665) and maternai uncle Mīrzā Ẓarīf (d. 1075/1664), who was well-versed in ḥadīt̲h̲ literature and fiḳh . In 1070/ 1659 he visited a number of places in Bengal along with Mīrzā Ḳalandar. In 1071/1660 he went to Cuttack (Orissa) where he stayed for three years. It was here in Orissa that Mīrzā Ẓarīf, who also ha…

, muḥammad ẓahīr al-dīn mīrzā ʿalī bak̲h̲t bahādur gūrgānī , a lineal descendant of Awrangzīb and a grandson of ʿIffat Ārāʾ Begum (daughter of Muḥammad Muʿizz al-Dīn Pāds̲h̲āh (i.e. Ḏj̲ahāndār S̲h̲āh), son of S̲h̲āh ʿĀlam (Bahādur S̲h̲āh I), was born in the Red Fort at Delhi in 1172/1758 and educated within the fort. Like other princes of the line of Tīmūr, Aẓfarī was in receipt of an allowance from the East India Company. Aẓfarī decided in 1202/1789 to escape from the fort. Passing…

(not Ḥaydar al-Dīn G̲h̲āzī as given in the Cambridge History of India, v, 575, 578), the eldest son of Nawwāb Saʿādat ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān, ruler of Awadh (1212-29/1798-1814), was born at Basawlī in Rohīlk̲h̲and in 1188/1774. He succeeded his father as the Nawwāb-Wazīr of Awadh in accordance with the rule of primogeniture, in 1229/1814. Right from the time of his accession he was under the influence of the British Resident, Col. John Bailey, who did not hesitate to interfere in the day-to-day administration of the state. Supported by the Governor-General of…

, a very ancient town in the district of Hardōī (India), situated in 27° 10′ N. and 80° 2′ E., with a population (1951) of 9,565. It has produced a remarkable number of great men. Abu ’l-Faḍl speaks of the inhabitants as being for the most part intelligent and connoisseurs of music. In early times it was peopled by coppersmiths (as recent discoveries have established), who were turned out by invading Rād̲j̲pūts from nearby Ḳannawd̲j̲. During the Mug̲h̲al rule also Bilgrām was a pargana in the sarkār of Ḳannawd̲j̲ ( Āʾīn-i Akbarī , tr. Blochmann, i, 434). The town was conquered by Ḳāḍī Muḥam…

(2), b. Maḥmūd S̲h̲āh S̲h̲arḳī ( reg . 840/1436-862/1458) was the last of the line of the S̲h̲arḳī Sultans of the independent kingdom of Ḏj̲awnpūr [ q.v.], who ascended the throne in 863/1458 after the death, in an armed conflict, of his elder brother Muḥammad S̲h̲āh, at that time engaged in hostilities against Buhlōl Lōdī [ q.v.], the king of Delhi. Ḥusayn, immediately on his accession, concluded a four-year truce with Buhlōl. He utilized the respite by leading a powerful army into Tirhut and Orissa, both of which he reduced, compelling the Hindu ru…

, Mirzā Kāẓim ʿAlī , one of the pioneers of Urdū prose literature and a muns̲h̲ī at Fort William College (Calcutta), originally a resident of Dihlī, migrated to Lucknow after the break-up of the cultural and social life of the Imperial capital following the invasion of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Abdālī in 1174/1760, and was living in Lucknow in 1196/1782 when Ibrāhīm K̲h̲ān K̲h̲alīl was busy compiling his tad̲h̲kira (see Gulzār-i Ibrāhim , ʿAlī-gaŕh 1352/1934, 93). A writer of simple, chaste and unornamented Urdū prose and a scholar of Persian and Arabic (…

, mak̲h̲laṣ of the famous Urdu poet, one of the most remarkable figures in Urdu literature, Ins̲h̲āʾ Allāh K̲h̲ān . The eldest son of Mīr Mās̲h̲āʾ Allāh K̲h̲ān “Maṣdar” al-D̲j̲aʿfarī al-Nad̲j̲afī, he was born between 1756 and 1758 at Murs̲h̲idābād [ q.v.], where the family had settled after its migration from ʿIrāḳ, the grandfather of Ins̲h̲āʾ, S̲h̲āh Nūr Allāh al-Nad̲j̲afī having also been born in this town. Mās̲h̲āʾ Allāh K̲h̲ān had established himself as a physician and became one of the courtiers of the last independent Muslim ruler of Bengal, Nawwāb Sirād̲j̲ al-Dawla [ q.v.]; on the…

surnamed Ḳutb al-Madār (axis of the Universe) and popularly known as S̲h̲āh Madār, is the Methuselah of Indian hagiological literature and one of the most celebrated saints of India. He is said to have been born at Aleppo in 250/864, and to have been descended from Abū Hurayra [ q.v.], one of the companions of the Prophet. The statement in the Mirʾāt-i Madārī that he was a Jew and embraced Islam at al-Madīna is not supported by other authorities. Like his descent, his date of birth is also controversial, the Tad̲h̲kirat al-Muttaḳīn givesit as 1 S̲h̲awwāl 442/16 Feb. 1051; the Mirʾāt i Madārī …