or Mir Muḥammad D̲j̲aʿfar K̲h̲ān ( Siyar al-mutaʾak̲h̲k̲h̲irīn , vol. ii in both the text and rubrics, and not D̲j̲aʿfar ʿAlī K̲h̲ān), son of Sayyid Aḥmad al-Nad̲j̲afī, of obscure origin, rose to be the Nawwāb of Bengal during the days of the East India Company. A penniless adventurer, like his patron Mīrzā Muḥammad ʿAlī entitled ʿAlīwirdī K̲h̲ān Mahābat D̲j̲ang (see the article ʿalī werdi k̲h̲ān ), he married a step-sister, S̲h̲āh K̲h̲ānim, of ʿAlīwirdī and served his master an…

, “son-in-law”, an honorific title given to mīr muḥammad bāḳir b. s̲h̲ams al-dīn muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-astarābadī , Called also al-Muʿallim al-T̲h̲ālit̲h̲ , the “third teacher” in philosophy ¶ after al-Fārābī. This title properly belongs to his father who was the son-in-law of the famous S̲h̲īʿī theologian ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-ʿĀlī al-Karakī, called al-Muḥaḳḳiḳ al-T̲h̲ānī (Brockelmann, S II, 574), but it was extended to the son, who is more correctly called Dāmādī or Ibn al-Dāmād. Born at Astarābād, Mīr-i Dāmād spent h…

, tak̲h̲alluṣ of Ḳalandar Bak̲h̲s̲h̲, an Urdū poet of Indian origin, whose real name was Yaḥyā Amān, son of Ḥāfiẓ Amān, one of whose ancestors Rāy Amān, after whom a street in Old Dihlī is still known, suffered at the hands of Nādir S̲h̲āh’s troops during the sack of Dihlī in 1152/1739. The title of Amān or Mān was conferred on the ancestors of D̲j̲urʾat, according to Mīrzā ʿAlī Luṭf ( Guls̲h̲an-i Hind , 73), by the Emperor Akbar. Born at Dihlī, D̲j̲urʾat was brought up at Fayḍābād and later joined the service of Nawwāb Muḥabbat K̲h̲ān of Bareilly, a son of Ḥāfiẓ Raḥmat K̲h̲ān Rohilla [ q.v.] at an early age. In 1215/1800 he went to Lucknow and ingratiated himself with prince Sulaymān S̲h̲ukōh, a son of S̲h̲āh ʿĀlam II [ q.v.], titular emperor of Dihlī. The ‘court’ of Sulaymān S̲h̲ukōh had become the refuge, after the sack…

, foster-brother of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh, King of Delhi (1161/1748-1167/1754) was born in Delhi c. 1140/1727. His father Mīrzā ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān “Nukta” was a courtier of Muḥammad S̲h̲āh [ q.v.]. His uncle Īrad̲j̲ Ḵh̲ān was the nāẓim of Murs̲h̲idābād during the reign of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh. A composer of poetry in both Urdu and Persian, he wrote under the pen-name of “fug̲h̲ān ” ( fig̲h̲ān ) and enjoyed the title of “Ẓarīf al-Mulk Kokaltās̲h̲ Ḵh̲ān Bahādur”, conferred on him by Aḥmad S̲h̲āh. He lived in Delhi till the dethronement of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh in 1167/1754, when he left for Murs̲h̲idābād. He seems to have been unfavourably received by his uncle and after a brief stay with him returned to Delhi. In 1174/1761 when the Durranis again attacked India he left Delhi for good and went to Fayḍābād. He, however, soon fell out with his patron S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ al-Dawla [ …

, Mīr , the name of G̲h̲āzī ’l-Dīn K̲h̲ān, Fīrūz D̲j̲ang (II), was the eldest son of Niẓām al-Mulk Āṣaf D̲j̲āh I and a grandson of G̲h̲āzī ’l-Dīn K̲h̲ān, Fīrūz D̲j̲ang I, Indo-Muslim noble of the late Mug̲h̲al period. He grew up at the court of Muḥammad S̲h̲āh [ q.v.], the Mug̲h̲al emperor of Dihlī and on attaining his majority was married to a daughter of the minister, Iʿtimād al-Dawla Ḳamar al-Dīn K̲h̲ān (not to be confounded with Čīn Ḳi̊li̊č K̲h̲ān, Niẓām al-Mulk [ q.v.], who also bore the same name). He started his official career as Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī of the Aḥadīs and on his fa…

, G̲h̲āzi ’l-Dīn K̲h̲ān , Fīrūz D̲j̲ang …

al-Ḥasanī b. Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī al-Mulk Naṣīr al-Dawla S. Hidāyat ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān “Ḍamir”, Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī to S̲h̲āh ʿĀlam (reigned 1173/1759-1221/1806), b. S. ʿĀlīm Allāh b. S. Fayḍ Allāh Ṭabāṭabāʾī, was born at Delhi (S̲h̲āhd̲j̲ahānabād) in 1140/1727-8 in a poor family. When he was five years old the family migrated to Murs̲h̲idābād [ q.v.], where Allāh Wirdī Ḵh̲ān Mahābat Ḏj̲ang, a kinsman of his mother, was then living in the service of S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ al-Dawla, the Nāẓim of Bengal. Soon afterwards, when Allāh Wirdī Ḵh̲ān was appointed the Nāẓim of ʿAẓīmābād (Patna), S. Hidāyat ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān went with him and settled there. Gradually he acquired extensive property and eventually became the Nāʾib of the province of ʿẠzīmābād under Zayn al-Dīn Aḥmad Ḵh̲ān Haybat Ḏj̲ang. In 1156/1743 his father lost his post and returned to Delhi with his family. Early in 1158/1745 G̲h̲ulām Ḥusayn Ḵh̲ān went to ʿAẓīmābād, married a daught…

, mīr g̲h̲ulām ʿalī b. nūḥ al-ḥusaynī al-wāsiṭī , b. at Bilgrām on 25 Ṣafar 1116/29 June 1704; he received his early education from Mīr Ṭufayl Muḥammad Bilgrāmī ( Subḥat al-Mard̲j̲ān 99-4) and later studied with Mīr ʿĀbd al-Ḏj̲alīl Bilgrāmī ( …

…

mir ʿalī s̲h̲er , historian of Sind, son of ʿIzzat Allāh al-Ḥusaynī al-S̲h̲īrāzī, was born in T́hat́t́a, the capital of Sind in the Mug̲h̲al and pre-Mug̲h̲al period, in 1440/1727 and died there in 1203/1788. His grave still exists on the nearby Maklī hills. He received his education from local scholars, some of whom are mentioned in his Maḳālāt-al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ (Karachi 1957, 114,…

, one of the four pillars of Urdū literature and one of the greatest of Urdū poets, K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Mīr (with the tak̲h̲alluṣ of Dard) b. K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Muḥammad Nāṣir “ʿAndalīb” al-Ḥusaynī al-Buk̲h̲ārī al-Dihlawī, claimed descent from K̲h̲wādia Bahāʾ al-Dīn Naḳs̲h̲band and in the 25th step from the Imām Haṣan al-ʿAskarī [ q.v.]. Born in 1133/1720-21 in the decadent Imperial Dihlī, Dard received his education at home, mostly from his father, a very well-read man and the author of Nāla-i ʿAndalīb , a voluminous Persian allegory dealing with metaphysical and a…

, a fortress situated on a lime-stone rock in the middle of the river Indus (27° 43′ N and 68° 56′ E), which is identified with the Sogdi of Alexander. The island is connected with Rōhrī and Sukkur by a cantilever bridge. With the decline of Arōr, the ancient Hindū capital of Sind, about the middle of 2nd/8th century, when the river Indus changed its course, Bhakkar soon attained the highest strategie importance. The island must have been fortified and…

b. Ḍābiṭa Ḵh̲ān b. Amīr al-Umarāʾ Nad̲j̲īb al-Dawla [ q.v.], founder of the town of Nad̲j̲ībābād, remembered chiefly for his cruel treatment of the Mug̲h̲al emperor S̲h̲āh ʿĀlam ( reg . 1173-1221/1759-1806), and his family. While still young G̲h̲ulām Ḳādir Ḵh̲ān was left at the Imperial court as his father’s representative, most probably as a hostage. He escaped from custody, however, in 1190/1776 on the defeat of the imperial forces by Ḍābiṭa Ḵh̲ān, and joined his father at the fort of G̲h̲awt̲h̲gaŕh, the family head-quarters near Thāna Bhawan, the birth place of As̲h̲raf ʿAlī Thānawī [ q…

, a native of T́hat́t́a [ q.v.], the old capital of lower Sind, belonged to the Arg̲h̲ūn tribe of Turkomans (cf. ʿAlī S̲h̲ēr Ḳāniʿ, Maḳālāt al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ , Karachi 1958, 80). No biographical details about him are available beyond the fact that ‘Idrākī’ was his poetical name. As to his nisba Bēglārī, it is not clear whether it was a surname or whether he adopted it on account of his close association with the Bēglār family of lower Sind. His patron, S̲h̲āh Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Sulṭān (d. 1039/1621) b. S̲h̲ah Ḳāsim K̲h̲ān-i Zamān, was well-known for his valour and literary accomplishments. A ¶ nobleman …

, ( Fyzabad ), a town in the district of the same name in India, situated in 26° 47′ N. and 82° 10′ E., 4 miles from the ancient town of Ayōdhyā, which gave its name to the province of Awadh (Oudh) and the S̲h̲īʿī kingdom founded by Saʿādat K̲h̲ān Burhān al-Mulk [ q.v.]. The town grew up around a wooden lodge ( bangla ), surrounded by a large and expansive compound, which Burhān al-Mulk had built for himself on his appointment in 1132/1719-20 as the Nāʾib Nāẓim of Awadh. Other buildings, mostly of mud, for the) ḥarem and barracks for the troops sprang up all around con…

, Mirzā Kāẓim ʿAlī , one of the pioneers of Urdū prose literature and a muns̲h̲ī at Fort William College (Calcutta), originally a resident of Dihlī, migrated to Lucknow after the break-up of the cultural and social life of the Imperial capital following the invasion of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Abdālī in 1174/1760, and was living in Lucknow in 1196/1782 when Ibrāhīm K̲h̲ān K̲h̲alīl was busy compiling his tad̲h̲kira (see Gulzār-i Ibrāhim , ʿAlī-gaŕh 1352/1934, 93). A writer of simple, chaste and unornamented Urdū prose and a scholar of Persian and Arabic (…

, Urdu poet, born c. 1156/1743, was the youngest son of Mīrzā ʿĀrif D̲j̲ān, the younger brother of S̲h̲araf al-Dawla Ḳāsim D̲j̲ān, a grandee of the empire during the vizierate of D̲h̲u ’l-Faḳār al-Dawla Nad̲j̲af K̲h̲ān (a street in old Delhi, Galī Ḳāsim D̲j̲ān, is still named after S̲h̲araf al-Dawla; in it once resided many famous men, such as the Urdu-Persian poet G̲h̲ālib [ q.v.], S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn, the spiritual guide of the last Mughal emperor Bahādur S̲h̲āh “Zafar” [ q.v.], and the physician Raʾīs al-Aṭibbāʾ Muḥammad S̲h̲arīf K̲h̲ān, great-grandfather of S̲h̲if…

, Sayyid Muḥammad al-Kāẓimī al-Ḥusaynī b. Sayyid K̲h̲ān alias Bad́d́h Uwaysī (cf. Āʾīn-i Akbarī , Bibl. Ind., ii, 241) and Bībī Āḳā Malik , the pseudo-Mahdī [ q.v.], was born at D̲j̲awnpur [ q.v.] on Monday, 14 D̲j̲umādā I 847/10 September 1443. None of the contemporary sources mentions the names of his parents as ʿAbd Allāh and Āmina, as claimed by the Mahdawī sources ( e.g., Sirād̲j̲ al-Abṣār , see Bibliography), in an obvious attempt to identify them with the names of the Prophet’s parents so that the prediction made in the aḥādīt̲h̲ al-Mahdī (cf. Ibn Taymiyya, Minhād̲j̲ al-Sunna …

, known to Muslim writers as Tihbat-i Ḵh̲urd or Little Tibet, lying between 34° and 36° N and 75° and 77° E between Gilgit and Ladāk̲h̲, extends some 150 miles on either bank of the Indus, covering an area of 8,522 sq. miles. A mountainous country, it has some of the highest peaks in the world: Godwin Austen (K 2), 28,250 ft., conquered in 1953; Gasherbrum, 26,470 ft., conquered in 1958, and Haramosh, 24,000 ft. Skārdū the chief town, was electrified in 1951. It has an airstrip, a modern hospital and a number of schools. A new bāzār has been recently built. The Baltīs were converted to Islam in …

, son of Maḥmūd langāh ( reg . 904/1498-9—931/1524-5), the ruler of Multān, was still a minor when he succeeded to the throne on the death of his father in 931/1524-25. Taking advantage of the ruler’s minority and prompted by Bābur [ q.v.], Ḥusayn S̲h̲āh Arg̲h̲ūn [ q.v.], the ruler of Sind, set out against Multān. Maḥmūd Langāh marched out to defend his kingdom, but while he was only one or two stages away from his capital he suddenly died, poisoned, it was believed, by Langaŕ K̲h̲ān Langāh, the commander of his army, who later deserted to Ḥ…