Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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Ḏj̲arīda
(16,453 words)
, literally “leaf”, which has become the usual term in modern Arabic for a newspaper, its adoption being attributed to Fāris al-S̲h̲idyāḳ [
q.v.]. Its synonym
ṣaḥīfa is less used in the sing., but the plural
ṣuḥuf is more common than
d̲j̲arāʾid . Some interest in the European press was shown by the Ottomans as early as the 18th century and, it would seem, excerpts from European newspapers were translated for the information of the
dīwān (Prussian despatch from Constantinople, of 1780, cited by J. W. Zinkeisen,
Geschichte
des osmanischen
Reiches , vi, Gotha 1859, …
Aḥmed Ḥilmī
(94 words)
, known as S̲h̲ehbenderzāde, a Turkish journalist who first achieved prominence after the revolution of 1908, when he returned to ¶ Istanbul from exile in Fezzan, and started a periodical called
Ittiḥād-i Islām . He also contributed to
Iḳdām ,
Taṣwīr-i Efkār , and, later, the weekly
Ḥikmet [see d̲j̲arīda , iii], and wrote a considerable number of books, some of which were published. These include a history of Islam and books on the Sanūsī order and on Ibrahim Güls̲h̲anī [
qq.v.]. He died in 1913. (Ed.) Bibliography Babinger, 397
ʿOt̲h̲mānli̊ müʾellifleri, ii, 156-7.
Ṣābir
(189 words)
, Mīrzā ʿAlī Akbar (b. 1862 in S̲h̲emākha, d. 1911 in Bākū), Azerbaijani satirical poet and journalist. After the First Russian Revolution of 1905, a humorous and satirical literature grew up in Russian Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān, seen especially in the weekly journal
Mollā Naṣreddīn founded at Tiflis in 1906 by Ḏj̲elāl Meḥmed Ḳulī-zāde [see d̲j̲arīda. iv], which attacked the old literary forms, backwardness in education and religious fanaticism, achieving a circulation also in Turkey and Persian Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān. One of the writers in it was Ṣābir (who als…
ʿArabiyya
(46,769 words)
arabic language and literature.
Al-ʿarabiyya , sc.
lug̲h̲a , also
lisān al-ʿarab , is: The Arabic language in all its forms. This use is pre-Islamic, as is shown by the appearance of
lās̲h̲ōn ʿărāb̲h̲ī in third-century Hebrew sources,
arabica lingua in St. Jerome’s
Praefatio
in
Danielem this probably is also the sense of
lisān ʿarabī (
mubīn ) in Ḳurʾān, xvi, 103 (105); xxvi, 195; xlvi, 12 (11). (2) Technically, the Classical Arabic language (Cl. Ar.) of early poetry, Ḳurʾān, etc., and the Literary Arabic of Islamic literature. This may be distinguished from
ʿarabiyya in the wider sense as
al…
Mad̲j̲lis
(51,612 words)
(a.), a noun of place from the verb
d̲j̲alasa “to sit down” and, by extension, “to sit”, ¶ “to hold a session”; starting from the original meaning of “a place where one sits down, where one stays”, thence “a seat” (J. Sadan,
Le mobilier au Proche-Orient médiéval , Leiden 1976, index), the semantic field of
mad̲j̲lis is of very wide extent (see the dictionaries of Lane, Dozy, Blachère, etc.). Among the principal derivative meanings are “a meeting place”, “meeting, assembly” (cf. Ḳurʾān, LXVIII, 12/11), “a reception hall (of a ca…
Hind
(56,925 words)
, the name currently employed in Arabic for the Indian sub-continent. The current names in Persian were Hindūstān, Hindistān, “land of the Hindūs” [
q.v.], whence Ottoman Turkish Hindistān. The present article comprises the following sections: For Anglo-Muhammedan law, see s̲h̲arīʿa ; for political parties, see ḥizb ; for the development of the apparatus of modern government, see ḥukūma ; for the events leading to partition and for the history of Pakistan since independence, see pākistān . (Ed.) i.— The Geography of India according to the mediaeval muslim geographers. (a) The term “
Hin…
ʿOt̲h̲mānli̊
(47,838 words)
, the name of a Turkish dynasty, ultimately of Og̲h̲uz origin [see g̲h̲uzz ], whose name appears in European sources as ottomans (Eng.), ottomanes (Fr.), osmanen (Ger.), etc. I. political and dynastic history 1. General survey and chronology of the dynasty The Ottoman empire was the territorially most extensive and most enduring Islamic state since the break-up of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate and the greatest one to be founded by Turkish-speaking peoples. It arose in the Islamic world after the devastations over much of the eastern and central lands of the
Dār al-Islām …