Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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Emānet-i Muḳaddese
(181 words)
, aTurkicized Arabic expression meaning sacred trust or deposit, the name given to a collection of relics preserved in the treasury of the Topkapi palace in Istanbul. The most important are a group of objects said to have belonged to the Prophet; they included his cloak (
k̲h̲irḳa-i s̲h̲erīf [
q.v.]), a prayer-rug, a flag, a bow, a staff, a pair of horseshoes, as well as a tooth, some hairs (see liḥya ), and a stone bearing the Prophet’s footprint. In addition there are weapons, utensils and garments said to have belonged to the ancient prophets, to the early Caliph…
Ibn Muḥriz
(261 words)
, Abu ’l-K̲h̲aṭṭāb muslim (or Salm, or ʿAbd Allāh) b. Muḥriz , famous musician and singer of Mecca, who lived in the 1st-2nd/7th-8th centuries. A
mawlā of Persian origin of the ʿAbd al-Dār b. Kusayy and the son of a
sādin of the Kaʿba, he was first the pupil of Ibn Misd̲j̲aḥ [
q.v.], and then of ʿAzzat al-Maylāʾ [
q.v.], going to Medina to receive lessons from her; he then completed his musical education in Persia and Syria, where he studied Greek music. He is said to have later chosen what seemed best to him from these different musical traditions and i…
D̲j̲āhiliyya
(705 words)
, a term used, in almost all its occurrences, as the opposite of the word
islām , and which refers to the state of affairs in Arabia before the mission of the Prophet, to paganism (sometimes even that of non-Arab lands), the pre-Islamic period and the men of that time. From the morphological point of view,
d̲j̲āhiliyya seems to be formed by the addition of the suffix
-iyya, denoting an abstract, to the active participle
djāhil , the exact sense of which is difficult to determine. I. Goldziher (
Muḥ .
St., i, 219 ff.; analysis in
Arabica , vii/3 (1960), 246-9), remarking that
djāhil is opposed to
ḥalīm…
Rukn
(1,111 words)
(a.), pl.
arkān , literally “corner (as in
al-rukn
al-yamānī
= the southeastern corner of the Kaʿba), support, pillar”. The singular
rukn occurs twice in the Ḳurʾān, in XI, 82/80, when Lot seeks for support in a strong
rukn, pillar, or, figuratively, a leader or chief; and in LI, 39, where Pharaoh and his support,
rukn, i.e. retinue, reject Moses. 1. In religious and legal usage. Here, it is commonly found in the expression
arkān al-dīn or
arkān al-ʿibāda , denoting the basic “pillars” of religion and religious observance. These so-called “pillars of …
Iskandar Nāma
(1,754 words)
, the Alexander Romance. i. Arabic. Sura XVIII (59 ff.) shows that the Arabs have known of the Alexander Romance (pseudo-Callisthenes) from early times, since what is said about Mūsā in this Ḳurʾānic passage is in fact derived from this romance. On the earlier history of the Romance, see Nöldeke,
Beiträge zur Geschichte des Alexanderromans , in
Denkschriften der Kais. Akad. d. Wiss ., Vienna, xxxiii. According to this scholar, the source of the Syriac and Arabic stories is to be found in a primitive Pahlavi version, the author of which, according to Fraenkel (
ZDMG, xlv, 319), may have be…
Safīna
(4,475 words)
(a. pls.
sufun ,
safāʾin ,
safīn ), a word used in Arabic from pre-Islamic times onwards for ship. Seamanship and navigation are in general dealt with in milāḥa , and the present article, after dealing with the question of knowledge of the sea and ships in Arabia at the time of the birth of Islam, not covered in milāḥa, will be confined to a consideration of sea and river craft. 1. In the pre-modern period. (a)
Pre-Islamic
and early Islamic aspects. The most general word for “ship” in early Arabic usage was
markab “conveyance”, used, however, …
Ḥarīr
(13,288 words)
, silk. The etymology of the word is obscure; its synonyms
ibrīsam and
ḳazz , as well as
dībād̲j̲ which more particularly denotes silk brocade, are Persian loanwords;
k̲h̲azz , properly speaking a mixture of silk and wool, but sometimes also used for silk, is etymologically isolated in Arabic, and perhaps connected with
ḳazz.
Ḥarīr
occurs in the Ḳurʾān, sūras XXII, 23 = XXXV, 33, and LXXVI, 12, where it is said that the raiment of the people of Paradise will be silk. A group of traditions which, together with others, express an ascetic tendency in e…
Mad̲j̲maʿ ʿIlmī
(12,288 words)
(i) Arab countries.
Mad̲j̲maʿ , pl.
mad̲j̲āmiʿ , lit. “a place of collecting, a place in which people collect, assemble, congregate” (Lane i/2, 459), became in the second half of the 19th century, as
mad̲j̲maʿ ʿilmī , a technical term for Academy of Science,
mad̲j̲maʿ al-lug̲h̲a being an Academy of [Arabic] language. There is thus a close relationship between both kinds of
mad̲j̲maʿ , since the striving for science takes place in an Arabic language made capable of it. Whereas
mad̲j̲lis [
q.v.] had been the current term in earlier Arab civilisation for [the place of] an inform…
ʿOt̲h̲mānli̊
(47,838 words)
, the name of a Turkish dynasty, ultimately of Og̲h̲uz origin [see g̲h̲uzz ], whose name appears in European sources as ottomans (Eng.), ottomanes (Fr.), osmanen (Ger.), etc. I. political and dynastic history 1. General survey and chronology of the dynasty The Ottoman empire was the territorially most extensive and most enduring Islamic state since the break-up of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate and the greatest one to be founded by Turkish-speaking peoples. It arose in the Islamic world after the devastations over much of the eastern and central lands of the
Dār al-Islām …