, a town in the western part of the Rohilk̲h̲and region of modern Uttar Pradesh state in India (lat. 29° 37′ N., long. 78° 19′ E.), the centre of a taḥṣīl of the same name in the Bijnor District. The town was founded by the Afg̲h̲ān commander and wazīr of the Mug̲h̲al Emperors, Nad̲j̲īb al-Dawla [ q.v.], who in 1168/1755 built a fort, Patthagaŕh, one mile to the east. Sacked by the Marāt́hās [ q.v.] in 1186/1772, it passed two years later to the Nawwābs of Awadh [ q.v.] (Oudh). Nad̲j̲īb al-Dawla’s greatgrandson Maḥmūd participated in the Great Rebellion of 1857-8, and his palace wa…

, the name currently employed in Arabic for the Indian sub-continent. The current names in Persian were Hindūstān, Hindistān, “land of the Hindūs” [ q.v.], whence Ottoman Turkish Hindistān. The present article comprises the following sections: For Anglo-Muhammedan law, see s̲h̲arīʿa ; for political parties, see ḥizb ; for the development of the apparatus of modern government, see ḥukūma ; for the events leading to partition and for the history of Pakistan since independence, see pākistān . (Ed.) i.— The Geography of India according to the mediaeval muslim geographers. (a) The term “ Hin…