, fourteenth Ottoman sultan. Eldest son of Meḥmed (Muḥammad) III, born at Manisa 22 Ḏj̲umādā II, 998/18 April 1590, succeeded his father 18 Rad̲j̲ab 1012/22 Jan. 1603. The chroniclers have noted that on his accession, contrary to established custom, he did not put to death his brother Muṣṭafā, and the latter later succeeded him. One of the first acts of the sovereign was the confinement in the old Serāy of his grandmother Ṣāfiya Sulṭān (the Venetian Baffa), the prime mover in the Ottoman administration under Murād III and Meḥmed (Muḥammad) …

, literally “gate” in Turkish, which by extension means “Ottoman Porte”, that is, the sultan’s palace, and is also used for the grand vizier’s palace and the seat of government. The word ḳapi̊ was used concurrently with the Arabic bāb ( e.g., bāb-i̊ ʿālī [ q.v.]) and the Persian dar/ der ( e.g., der-i devlet, der-i ʿāliye , der-i seʿādet ). It appears, however, that in Ottoman the word ḳapi̊, unlike bāb and der, was rarely used with a non-Turkish epithet or determinative. On the other hand, it is very frequently employed to designate military or civil functions direc…

(d. 1407), son of Čāndārli̊ Ḵh̲alīl Ḵh̲ayr al-Dīn Pas̲h̲a, was, like his father, ḳāḍī , then ḳāḍī ’ l-ʿasker, and finally Grand Vizier, and also combined the functions of wazīr, that is to say head of the administration and finance, and of army commander, perhaps after the death of his father in 1387. After having directed a campaign in Anatolia against the Ḳaramānid ʿAlī Bey, he conducted the skilful operations in Bulgaria which led to the capture of several fortresses (Pravad, Ti̊rnova, S̲h̲ehirköyü etc.) before the battl…

, the name of several Ottoman princes. 1. ḳāsim , son of the second ruler of the Ottoman dynasty, Ork̲h̲ān. All that is known of him is that he died in 748/1347. 2. ḳāsim čelebi or Ḳāsim Yūsuf, one of the seven sons of Bāyezīd I, b. 792/1390. Since he was too young to take part in the battle of Ankara (1402), he remained at Bursa. After the defeat and capture of his father there began a struggle for power amongst his elder sons, Sulaymān, ʿĪsā, Muḥammad and then Mūsā. When Sulaymān retreated towards the Ott…

(“the handsome”), (d. 1620) Ottoman Grand Admiral and Grand Vizier. Born at Istanköy (Cos), he was successively bey of Damiette, and beylerbeyi of the Yaman (1602), Tunis, Morea and Cyprus. In November 1617, he succeeded Ḵh̲alīl Pas̲h̲a as ḳapudan-i̊ deryā ; in August 1618, a storm off the Dalmatian Coast caused ¶ the loss of eleven vessels of his fleet; dismissed at the accession of Muṣṭafā I, he again became ḳapudan-i̊ deryā shortly afterwards. On 16 Muḥarram 1029/23 December 1619, he succeeded Öküz Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a as Grand Vizier following intrigues among the int…

, ḥasan efendi al-sayyid ḥasan b. ḥasan al-ʿaynṭābī , one of the most celebrated poets of the reign of Maḥmūd II, born at ʿAynṭāb in 1180/1766 and died at Constantinople in 1253/ 1837. Of very humble origins, he left his native town in 1780, travelled about Anatolia for ten years and settled in Istanbul, where he studied at the madrasa of Sulṭān Aḥmad; after holding various appointments in the offices of the administration, in 1831 he became professor of Arabic and Persian in the Chancellery of the Sublime Porte. His poetry caused …

, “porter”, “guardian” (cf. A. bawwāb , Pers. derbān ), a term which, in the Ottoman empire, designated the guards placed at the main gates of the sultan’s palace in Istanbul: the Bāb-i̊ hümāyūn , Orta ḳapi̊ and Bāb üs-seʿādet . The guards on the first two gates belonged to the same category, while those of the Bab üs-seʿādet , which gave access to the sultan’s private residence and to the harem, ¶ constituted a distinct category, the ḳule ṣofulari̊ , subordinate to the ki̊zlar ag̲h̲asi̊ . The ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊ are first mentioned in the ḳānūnnāme of Meḥemmed I the Conque…

, Ottoman Grand Vizier. Born at Brazza in Herzegovina, he was carried off at an early age during a dews̲h̲irme operation to be brought up at Istanbul; in 953/1546 he became ag̲h̲a of the Janissaries, and later beylerbeyi of Rumelia. Appointed governor of Egypt in 1549, he took part in Sulaymān I’s Persian campaign, and succeeded Rustam Pas̲h̲a as Grand Vizier in Shawwāl 968/July 1561, a post which he held until his death in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 972/June 1565. Immediately after his appointment, he negotiated with the …

, Grand Vizier under the Ottoman sultans Maḥmūd I and ʿOt̲h̲mān III. His father, Nūḥ Efendi, the physician of Muṣṭafā II, was a Venetian renegade. ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a was born on 15 Shaʿbān 1100/4 June 1689; brought up in the seraglio, he held various administrative posts at Istanbul, and then in the provinces; in 1722 he was appointed as governor of Adana and subdued the tribes of Cilicia; in 1724 he became governor of Aleppo, and in the same year distinguished himself at the siege and capture of Tabrīz. Appointed wazīr in 1725, he was successively beylerbeyi of Anatolia, ser-ʿasker …

, twenty-first Ottoman sultan. Son of sultan Ibrāhīm and Muʿazzaz Sulṭān, born, according to Naʿīmā, 6 Ḏh̲uʾl Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 1052/25 Feb. 1643 (according to Ras̲h̲īd 5 Ḏj̲umādā I 1052/1 Aug. 1642), succeeded his brother Sulaymān II on 26 Ramaḍān 1102/23 June 1691. He confirmed the Grand-Vizier Köprülü-zāde [ q.v.] Fāḍi̊l Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a in his post, and the latter resumed hostilities against the Imperial Powers, but was defeated and killed at the battle of Slankamen (19 Aug. 1691). ʿArabad̲j̲ī ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a succeeded him, but was soon replaced b…

, (literally, “barley money”), a term used in the Ottoman empire up to the beginning of the 19th century to denote an allowance made to the principal civil, military and religious officers of ¶ state, either in addition to their salary when in office, or as a pension on retirement, or as an indemnity for unemployment. This term does not appear in the historical sources before the 16th century, and corresponds, to begin with, to an indemnity for fodder of animals, paid to those who maintained forces of cavalry or had to look aft…

, the name of two prominent Ottoman figures. 1. Grand Vizier (1663-1733). Born in the Peloponnese of a family originally from Konya, ʿOt̲h̲mān Pas̲h̲a joined the od̲j̲aḳ of the ḳozbekči (body of officials performing various services on the sultan’s behalf), then that of the pandūl ( pandūr , a militia recruited in the Balkans among the free peasants and entrusted with duties of local security). According to von Hammer, he reportedly became beylerbeyi at 24 years of age and was sent to Egypt by Muṣṭafā II; taken prisoner in the open sea off the …

(Muṣṭafā Kemāl), the founder and first President of the Turkish Republic, was born at Salonica 1881 and died at Istanbul on 10th November 1938. He lost his father, ʿAlī Riḍā, whilst still very young, so that it was his mother, Zübeyde Ḵh̲ānīm, who saw to his education. When twelve years of age, he entered the military preparatory school at Salonica, where one of his teachers made him take the name of Kemāl in addition to Muṣṭafā. In 1895 he entered the Military School of Monastir, then in 1899 t…

(1667-1716), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Born at Sölöz near Nicaea in 1079/1667, he entered the Seraglio of Ahmed II, and filled successively the posts of kātib , rikābdār , čuḳadār and silāḥdār ; he exercised great influence over Sultan Aḥmed III, who came to the throne in 1703, and who made him wazīr and gave him his daughter Fātima in marriage (Rabīʿ I 1121/May 1709); he had a hand in the appointment and dismissal of wazīrs , including Köprülü-zāde Nuʿmān Pas̲h̲a and Balṭad̲j̲i Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a. The Grand Vizier Khod̲j̲a Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a was condemned t…

(Battle of).—In the middle of the 10th/16th century the Ottoman corsair Ṭūrg̲h̲ūd Raʾīs made the island of D̲j̲arba the base of his operations against the Spaniards. Although the latter had succeeded in blockading it in Rabīʿ I 958/April 1551, he was able to escape with his fleet by cutting the causeway of al-Ḳanṭara and digging a channel which enabled him to reach the Gulf of Bū G̲h̲rāra and thence the high seas (13 Rabīʿ II 958/20 April 1551). Shortly afterwards he seized Tripoli (S̲h̲aʿbān 95…

, Ottoman Grand Vizier. At first aḳ ag̲h̲asi̊ , then beylerbeyi of Ḳaramān and subsequently of Rumelia, he distinguished himself in the course of a campaign in Wallachia (1485); wazīr in 1486, he defeated the Mamlūks of Egypt at the battle of Āg̲h̲āčāyi̊r in Cilicia (1942), took the fortresses of Coron and Modon (1500), and. was appointed Grand Vizier the following year in succession to Mesīḥ Pas̲h̲a. Dismissed in 1503, he again became Grand Vizier in 1506 and remained in office until his death. He strove to secure the succession of the s̲h̲āh-zāde Aḥmed, second son of Sultan Bāyazīd I…

, family of Turkish origin, of whom several members governed Tripolitania from 1123/1711 to 1251/1835, constituting themselves into a real dynasty. Its founder was Ḳaramānlī Aḥmad Bey, of whose origins scarcely anything is known apart from the fact that he himself or his father or an ancestor came from Anatolia, probably from the town or the region of Ḳaramān, to serve as a soldier in the od̲j̲āḳ of Tripoli; certain authors put forward the view that one of his ancestors may have come to Tripolitania with the corsair Ṭurg̲h̲ūt (Dragut). Th…

(1201-1275/1786-1859) s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-islām from 1262 to 1270/1845-54, and one of the last representatives of Turkish classical poetry. Descended from a family of high officials (his father, Ibrāhīm ʿIsmet was ḳāḍi ’l-ʿaskar under Selim III), he became molla of Jerusalem (1231/1816), then of Cairo (1236/1820) and Medina (1239-1823); later appointed naḳīb al-as̲h̲rāf (1246/1830) and ḳāḍi ’l-ʿaskar of Anatolia (1249/1833), then of Rumelia (1254/1838), he finally became s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-islām, a post which he held for seven years. ʿĀrif Ḥikmet Bey maintained relations…

̲ (modern Turkish: çavuş ). A term used by the Turks to indicate (a) officials staffing the various Palace departments, (b) low-ranking military personnel. The word is met in Uygur, where it refers to a Tou-kiu ambassador; Maḥmūd Kās̲h̲g̲h̲arī defines it as ‘a man who controls promotion in army ranks, and supervises the maintenance of discipline’. The word cāʾūs̲h̲ passed from the Pečenegs and Sald̲j̲ūḳids to the Turks (cf. the μέγας τξαούσιος, chief of the imperial messengers of the Lascari and Paleologi). The Persians used it as a synonym for sarhang and dūrbās̲h̲ …

b. ʿAlī , Bey of Tunis (1705-35), founder of the Ḥusaynid dynasty. The son of a ¶ Greek renegade recruited into the ranks of the od̲j̲aḳ , Ḥusayn was āg̲h̲ā of the sipāhis at the time of the war between Algeria and Tunisia (1704-5). Proclaimed Bey after the capture of Bey Ibrāhīm by the Algerian troops, Ḥusayn first repulsed the Algerians, then got rid of the Dey, Muḥammad K̲h̲od̲j̲a, who was supported by the army, and finally also of Bey Ibrāhīm after he had been set free. Ḥusayn was recognized by the Ottoman Sultan, who gave him the title of Pas̲h̲a with the rank of Beylerbeyi …